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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS)?
What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which type of neuroglial cell is responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier?
Which type of neuroglial cell is responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier?
What distinguishes a neuron in a ganglion from a neuron in a nucleus?
What distinguishes a neuron in a ganglion from a neuron in a nucleus?
Which of the following correctly describes microglia?
Which of the following correctly describes microglia?
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In which part of the CNS would you find protoplasmic astrocytes?
In which part of the CNS would you find protoplasmic astrocytes?
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What type of synapse occurs between an axon and a dendrite?
What type of synapse occurs between an axon and a dendrite?
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What component of the nervous system do Schwann cells belong to?
What component of the nervous system do Schwann cells belong to?
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Which type of neuroglial cell produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Which type of neuroglial cell produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
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How do Schwann cells contribute to neuronal function?
How do Schwann cells contribute to neuronal function?
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What role do astrocytes serve in the central nervous system?
What role do astrocytes serve in the central nervous system?
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Which type of receptor is primarily responsible for sensing deep pressure and vibration?
Which type of receptor is primarily responsible for sensing deep pressure and vibration?
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What type of stimulus do mechanoreceptors respond to?
What type of stimulus do mechanoreceptors respond to?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of free nerve endings?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of free nerve endings?
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Where are Merkel's disks primarily located?
Where are Merkel's disks primarily located?
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Which of the following statements about Ruffini corpuscles is false?
Which of the following statements about Ruffini corpuscles is false?
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Which receptor type is involved in transmitting sensations from the viscera to the central nervous system?
Which receptor type is involved in transmitting sensations from the viscera to the central nervous system?
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What type of mechanoreceptor is associated with the nerve endings found around hair follicles?
What type of mechanoreceptor is associated with the nerve endings found around hair follicles?
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Which type of nerve ending is classified as non-capsulated mechanoreceptors?
Which type of nerve ending is classified as non-capsulated mechanoreceptors?
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Which of the following receptor types is primarily responsible for the sensation of pain?
Which of the following receptor types is primarily responsible for the sensation of pain?
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What is the primary function of thermoreceptors?
What is the primary function of thermoreceptors?
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Which type of synapse occurs between an axon and the soma of a nerve cell?
Which type of synapse occurs between an axon and the soma of a nerve cell?
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What is the primary function of sensory ganglia?
What is the primary function of sensory ganglia?
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What structure forms a bulbous expansion at the end of an axon?
What structure forms a bulbous expansion at the end of an axon?
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What is the width of the synaptic cleft?
What is the width of the synaptic cleft?
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Which type of ganglia is specifically associated with cranial nerves?
Which type of ganglia is specifically associated with cranial nerves?
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What do postganglionic fibers typically consist of?
What do postganglionic fibers typically consist of?
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What is the primary role of the receptors at nerve endings?
What is the primary role of the receptors at nerve endings?
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Which part of the synapse contains neurotransmitter receptors?
Which part of the synapse contains neurotransmitter receptors?
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Where are autonomic ganglia primarily located?
Where are autonomic ganglia primarily located?
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What types of neurons do autonomic ganglia typically house?
What types of neurons do autonomic ganglia typically house?
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What is the primary role of motor end plates in the nervous system?
What is the primary role of motor end plates in the nervous system?
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Which fibers are responsible for the contraction of smooth muscles?
Which fibers are responsible for the contraction of smooth muscles?
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Where are the cell bodies of the first neurons in the autonomic system located?
Where are the cell bodies of the first neurons in the autonomic system located?
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What distinguishes the sympathetic system from the parasympathetic system in terms of origins?
What distinguishes the sympathetic system from the parasympathetic system in terms of origins?
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Through which cranial nerves do the preganglionic fibers leave the CNS in the parasympathetic system?
Through which cranial nerves do the preganglionic fibers leave the CNS in the parasympathetic system?
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What structure surrounds large receptors, increasing their sensibility to stretching and pressure?
What structure surrounds large receptors, increasing their sensibility to stretching and pressure?
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Which type of nerve fiber causes the secretion of glands?
Which type of nerve fiber causes the secretion of glands?
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The axon terminals of which neurons synapse with the cell bodies of the second neurons in the autonomic ganglia?
The axon terminals of which neurons synapse with the cell bodies of the second neurons in the autonomic ganglia?
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Which part of the nervous system is referred to as the cranio-sacral division?
Which part of the nervous system is referred to as the cranio-sacral division?
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What type of muscle contraction is primarily mediated by motor end plates?
What type of muscle contraction is primarily mediated by motor end plates?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord.
- The PNS includes nerves that branch out from the CNS to the rest of the body.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The brain receives and processes sensory information, initiates responses, and controls thoughts and emotions.
- The spinal cord conducts signals between the brain and the body, and controls reflex activities.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The PNS has two divisions: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements.
- The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary responses.
- This includes the sympathetic ("fight or flight") and parasympathetic ("rest or digest") divisions.
Nervous Tissue
- Nervous tissue is made of nerve cells (neurons) and neuroglia.
- Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system.
- Neuroglia supports neurons.
Nerve Cells
- Neurons are specialized cells responsible for transmitting electrical signals throughout the body.
- A neuron includes the cell body, dendrites, and an axon.
- Dendrites receive signals.
- The cell body (soma) contains the nucleus.
- The axon transmits signals to other neurons or effectors.
Types of Neurons
- Multipolar neurons have one axon and many dendrites.
- Bipolar neurons have one axon and one dendrite.
- Unipolar neurons have one axon that branches into a peripheral process and a central process.
- Sensory neurons are mostly unipolar.
- Motor neurons are mostly multipolar.
- Interneurons are mostly multipolar.
Ganglia
- Ganglia are clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS.
- There are sensory and autonomic ganglia.
- Sensory ganglia are associated with cranial and spinal nerves.
- Autonomic ganglia are associated with the autonomic nervous system and located in or near organs.
Synapse
- A synapse is the junction between two neurons.
- The synapse includes the presynaptic membrane and postsynaptic membrane separated by a cleft or space.
- Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
Nerve Endings
- Nerve endings include receptors (receiving signals) or effectors (transmitting impulses).
- Receptors receive sensory information and transmit impulses to the CNS.
- Effectors transmit impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle, smooth muscles, and glands.
Receptors
- Receptors may be categorized by location, stimulus type, or histological structure.
- Receptors for deep sensation are called proprioceptors.
- Receptor for viscera are called visceroceptors.
- Mechanoreceptors respond to touch, stretch, vibrations, and pressure.
- Thermoreceptors respond to changes in temperature.
- Nociceptors respond to pain.
- Receptors for special senses include those for sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.
Nerve Endings (Effectors)
- Effectors transmit signals from the CNS to skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and glands, to produce a response
- Motor end plates are located at the ends of axons and transmit impulses to skeletal muscles.
- Autonomic motor endings transmit impulses to smooth muscles and glands.
- Secretory endings cause glandular responses.
Neuroglial Cells (CNS)
- Neuroglial cells are supportive cells that aid in the function of neurons.
- There are several types in the CNS:
- Astrocytes: exchange nutrients, support neurons, and provide structural support.
- Oligodendrocytes: create the myelin sheath insulating axons.
- Microglia: immune defense against invading microorganisms.
- Ependymal cells: create, secrete, and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
Neuroglial Cells (PNS)
- Neuroglial cells include Schwann cells and satellite cells.
- Schwann cells form myelin sheaths around axons.
- Satellite cells surround and support neuron cell bodies.
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous pathway includes two neurons, a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron.
- Preganglionic neurons are located in the CNS (usually in the spinal cord).
- Postganglionic neurons are located in autonomic ganglia outside the CNS.
- Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system are longer and postganglionic fibers are shorter.
- Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system are shorter and postganglionic fibers are longer.
- The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have opposing effects on the body's functions.
Types of Ganglia
- Sensory ganglia: house cell bodies of sensory neurons.
- Autonomic ganglia: contain cell bodies of autonomic neurons, enabling autonomic functions.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the nervous system in this quiz. Learn about the central and peripheral nervous systems, their subdivisions, and the roles of nervous tissue. Test your knowledge of how the brain and spinal cord interact with the body.
