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Questions and Answers
Which part of the nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord?
Which part of the nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord?
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.
False
What are the two main structural divisions of the nervous system?
What are the two main structural divisions of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
The spinal cord contains about ________ million neurons.
The spinal cord contains about ________ million neurons.
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Match the following types of nerves with their origin:
Match the following types of nerves with their origin:
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Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for the production of language?
Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for the production of language?
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If Broca's area is damaged, it can lead to issues in language comprehension.
If Broca's area is damaged, it can lead to issues in language comprehension.
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What is the term for the language deficit that results from damage to language areas in the brain?
What is the term for the language deficit that results from damage to language areas in the brain?
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The __________ hemisphere is responsible for recognizing facial features.
The __________ hemisphere is responsible for recognizing facial features.
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Match the brain area with its primary function:
Match the brain area with its primary function:
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Which of the following describes the role of the left frontal cortex?
Which of the following describes the role of the left frontal cortex?
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Most language functions in the brain are lateralized to the right hemisphere.
Most language functions in the brain are lateralized to the right hemisphere.
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What part of the brain is primarily responsible for higher mental functions such as language and cognition?
What part of the brain is primarily responsible for higher mental functions such as language and cognition?
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What condition was Bruce Willis diagnosed with in 2022?
What condition was Bruce Willis diagnosed with in 2022?
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The brainstem controls complex voluntary movements such as playing an instrument.
The brainstem controls complex voluntary movements such as playing an instrument.
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What is the central canal of the spinal cord filled with?
What is the central canal of the spinal cord filled with?
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The __________ is important for planning and coordination of movement.
The __________ is important for planning and coordination of movement.
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Which portion of the brain connects to the spinal cord?
Which portion of the brain connects to the spinal cord?
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Gray matter contains myelinated axons.
Gray matter contains myelinated axons.
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Match the following parts of the brain with their primary function:
Match the following parts of the brain with their primary function:
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Where does the spinal cord begin?
Where does the spinal cord begin?
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Where do the axons of the olfactory nerve end?
Where do the axons of the olfactory nerve end?
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Chemicals in the air trigger depolarization in the olfactory chemoreceptors.
Chemicals in the air trigger depolarization in the olfactory chemoreceptors.
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What structure extends posteriorly from the olfactory bulb?
What structure extends posteriorly from the olfactory bulb?
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The axons form bundles that penetrate the holes in the cribriform plate of the ___.
The axons form bundles that penetrate the holes in the cribriform plate of the ___.
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Match the following components of the olfactory system:
Match the following components of the olfactory system:
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Which division of the Motor Division is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Which division of the Motor Division is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
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The Vagus nerve is primarily a sensory nerve.
The Vagus nerve is primarily a sensory nerve.
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What type of neurons carry signals to cardiac and smooth muscles?
What type of neurons carry signals to cardiac and smooth muscles?
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The __________ Nervous System is described as 'rest and digest'.
The __________ Nervous System is described as 'rest and digest'.
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Match the following types of nerves with their primary functions:
Match the following types of nerves with their primary functions:
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What is the primary function of sensory neurons in the PNS?
What is the primary function of sensory neurons in the PNS?
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Spinal nerves only contain motor axons.
Spinal nerves only contain motor axons.
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How many pairs of spinal nerves branch from the spinal cord?
How many pairs of spinal nerves branch from the spinal cord?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- The nervous system controls our perception and experiences of the world, directs voluntary movement, and influences our consciousness, personality, learning, and memory.
- It works with other systems to maintain homeostasis, helping regulate breathing rate, blood pressure, body temperature, sleep-wake cycles, and blood pH.
Structural Divisions of the Nervous System
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Central Nervous System (CNS): Composed of the brain and spinal cord.
- Brain: Contains about 100 billion neurons, regulating all body functions.
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Spinal Cord: Contains about 100 million neurons, connects to the brain at the foramen magnum, and extends to the first or second lumbar vertebra.
- Enables communication between the brain and the body below the head and neck.
- Can carry out some functions independently from the brain.
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves with their branches.
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Nerves: Bundles of long neuron axons with blood vessels and connective tissue sheaths.
- Carry signals to and from the CNS.
- Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs originating from or traveling to the brain.
- Spinal Nerves: 31 pairs originating from or traveling to the spinal cord.
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Nerves: Bundles of long neuron axons with blood vessels and connective tissue sheaths.
Sleep and Wakefulness
- The feeling of drowsiness, known as sleepiness, is caused by the brain's release of the neurotransmitter adenosine.
Cognition and Language
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Cerebral Lateralization: Cognitive functions are unequally represented in the brain's right and left hemispheres.
- Emotional Functions: Left frontal cortex is responsible for "positive" emotions, while the right frontal cortex handles "negative" emotions.
- Attention: Right parietal cortex.
- Facial Recognition: Right temporal cortex.
- Language-Related Recognition: Left temporal cortex enables identification of objects with their correct names.
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Language: The ability to comprehend and produce words through speaking, writing, or signing, and to assign and recognize symbolic meaning correctly.
- Broca's Area: Located in the frontal lobe, it's responsible for language production, including planning and ordering words with proper grammar and syntax.
- Wernicke's Area: Located in the temporal lobe, it's responsible for understanding language and linking words with their correct symbolic meaning.
- Aphasia: Damage to either Broca's or Wernicke's area can result in a language deficit.
- Language functions primarily reside in the left hemisphere in approximately 97% of people.
Brain and Spinal Cord Structure
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Cerebrum: Enlarged, superior portion, composed of the right and left hemispheres.
- Responsible for higher mental functions like learning, memory, personality, cognition, language, and conscience. Plays a major role in sensation and movement.
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Diencephalon: Central core composed of four parts.
- Processes, integrates, and relays information.
- Maintains homeostasis of physiological variables.
- Regulates movement.
- Controls biological rhythms.
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Cerebellum: Posterior, inferior portion, with right and left hemispheres.
- Plays a crucial role in planning and coordination of movement, particularly for complex activities like sports or musical instrument playing.
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Brainstem: Connects the brain and spinal cord.
- Controls basic involuntary processes such as breathing rate and depth.
- Mediates certain reflexes.
- Monitors movement.
- Integrates and relays information to other parts of the nervous system.
- Spinal Cord: Long, tubular organ encased within the vertebral cavity, beginning at the foramen magnum where it blends with the brainstem and extending to approximately between the first and second lumbar vertebrae.
Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Motor Division: Carries signals to muscles and glands.
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Visceral Motor Division (Autonomic Nervous System): Motor neurons carry signals to cardiac and smooth muscles and glands.
- Sympathetic Nervous System: "Fight or flight" response.
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: "Rest and digest" response.
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Visceral Motor Division (Autonomic Nervous System): Motor neurons carry signals to cardiac and smooth muscles and glands.
Functional Overview of the PNS
- Sensory neurons detect stimuli at sensory receptors.
- Stimuli are transmitted through sensory neurons via spinal or cranial nerves to sensory neurons in the CNS.
- The CNS transmits impulses to the cerebral cortex for interpretation and integration.
- Appropriate motor responses are initiated by motor areas of the brain to upper motor neurons (found in the brain).
- Impulses travel to the spinal cord through local interneurons and then to lower motor neurons (which attach to muscles) of the PNS.
- Impulses go to appropriate tissue to trigger a response.
Overview of Peripheral Nerves and Associated Ganglia
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Peripheral Nerves (or just Nerves): Axons of many neurons bound together by a common connective tissue sheath.
- Innervate most structures of the body.
- Most are mixed nerves, containing both sensory and motor axons.
- Some are sensory (only have sensory axons), like the optic nerve.
- Some are motor (mostly motor axons with a few sensory axons), like the hypoglossal nerve or vagus nerve.
- Cranial Nerves: Attach to the brain and innervate structures of the head and neck.
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Spinal Nerves: Thirty-one pairs of mixed nerves that branch from the spinal cord, innervating structures inferior to the neck.
- Anterior Root: Axons of motor (efferent) neurons.
- Posterior Root: Axons of sensory (afferent) neurons.
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Description
Explore the complex functions and structural divisions of the nervous system, including the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). Understand how these components work together to regulate bodily functions and maintain homeostasis. This quiz will test your knowledge on the roles of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
