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What are the two main divisions of the vertebrate nervous system?
What are the two main divisions of the vertebrate nervous system?
The autonomic nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements.
The autonomic nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements.
False
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?
To prepare the body for 'fight or flight' response.
The simplest nerve pathway in the body is known as a __________.
The simplest nerve pathway in the body is known as a __________.
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Match the following components of a reflex arc with their functions:
Match the following components of a reflex arc with their functions:
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Which hormone is released during stress to activate the sympathetic system?
Which hormone is released during stress to activate the sympathetic system?
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Chronic stress can lead to overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Chronic stress can lead to overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system.
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What type of neurons carry impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS?
What type of neurons carry impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS?
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What is the main function of the blood-brain barrier?
What is the main function of the blood-brain barrier?
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Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) can be caused by a single traumatic blow to the head.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) can be caused by a single traumatic blow to the head.
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What are the two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina?
What are the two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina?
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The ___________ is responsible for redirecting light into the eye.
The ___________ is responsible for redirecting light into the eye.
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Match the parts of the ear with their functions:
Match the parts of the ear with their functions:
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What triggers the sensation of phantom limb syndrome?
What triggers the sensation of phantom limb syndrome?
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Tinnitus is caused by the overactivity of neurons in the cochlea that detect sound stimuli.
Tinnitus is caused by the overactivity of neurons in the cochlea that detect sound stimuli.
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What is the main role of mechanoreceptors?
What is the main role of mechanoreceptors?
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The ___________ controls the amount of light entering the eye.
The ___________ controls the amount of light entering the eye.
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Which part of the brain processes visual information received from the optic nerve?
Which part of the brain processes visual information received from the optic nerve?
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What is the primary function of motor neurons?
What is the primary function of motor neurons?
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Sodium potassium pumps are responsible for maintaining a resting potential by moving K+ ions out of the neuron.
Sodium potassium pumps are responsible for maintaining a resting potential by moving K+ ions out of the neuron.
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What part of the neuron carries impulses toward the cell body?
What part of the neuron carries impulses toward the cell body?
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The _______ connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
The _______ connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
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Match the following neurotransmitters with their associated functions:
Match the following neurotransmitters with their associated functions:
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Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for fine motor coordination?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for fine motor coordination?
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Neurons in the brain have more myelination than neurons in the spinal cord.
Neurons in the brain have more myelination than neurons in the spinal cord.
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What is the role of the thalamus?
What is the role of the thalamus?
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An action potential is an ‘-or-’ response.
An action potential is an ‘-or-’ response.
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Which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily responsible for processing vision?
Which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily responsible for processing vision?
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Neurotransmitters bind to dendrites to initiate an action potential.
Neurotransmitters bind to dendrites to initiate an action potential.
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What term is used to describe the gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another?
What term is used to describe the gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another?
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The _______ controls needs requiring hormones such as thirst and hunger.
The _______ controls needs requiring hormones such as thirst and hunger.
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Which type of neuron connects sensory and motor neurons and is mainly found in the CNS?
Which type of neuron connects sensory and motor neurons and is mainly found in the CNS?
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Study Notes
Nervous System
- Composed of 100 billion nerve cells, primarily in the brain.
- Two main divisions: Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
- CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, acting as the coordinating center.
- PNS carries information between the CNS and the rest of the body's systems.
- Includes somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) nerve systems.
- Somatic system controls voluntary muscles and skin.
- Autonomic system controls involuntary functions like circulation, digestion, and respiration.
Autonomic System
- Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
- Sympathetic system ("fight or flight"):
- Increases heart rate, breathing rate, blood flow, and blood pressure.
- Reduces digestion.
- Activates in response to stress.
- Parasympathetic system ("rest and digest"):
- Increases digestion.
- Lowers heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure.
- Activates when the body is relaxed.
Stress
- Activates the sympathetic system, releasing cortisol and adrenaline.
- Chronic stress can overactivate the sympathetic system, leading to negative effects on the body.
Neurons
- Nerve cells that transmit electrochemical signals.
- A nerve is a bundle of neurons.
- Reflex arc: Simplest nerve pathway, involving a receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector.
- Sensory neurons (afferent) carry impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS.
- Motor neurons (efferent) carry impulses from the CNS to muscles, organs, or glands.
- Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons in the CNS.
Nervous System - Communication
- Nerve cell anatomy includes the cell body, dendrites, axon, and axon terminal (with myelin sheath).
- Myelin sheath is an insulating layer that speeds up signal transmission in myelinated neurons.
- Signal transmission occurs through nerve impulses or action potentials.
The Brain
- Composed of gray matter (neurons) and white matter (myelinated axons).
- Folds in the brain increase the surface area for greater neural activity.
- Divided into three main parts: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
- Cerebrum contains lobes responsible for specific functions (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital).
- Frontal lobe controls higher-level functions, while other lobes are associated with sensory processing, memory, and language.
- Limbic system ("primitive brain"): controls emotional responses and basic survival needs.
Senses
- Vision involves light processing through the eye's structures (sclera, cornea, pupil, lens, iris, retina).
- Photoreceptors in the retina (rods and cones) detect light.
- Hearing: sound waves are interpreted by the outer, middle, and inner ear.
- Cochlea contains fluid and hair cells for sound transmission.
- Touch: mechanoreceptors in the skin detect pressure and other stimuli.
Phantom Limb Syndrome
- Occurs when amputees continue to feel sensations in their missing limb due to neural pathway connections.
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Description
Explore the structure and functions of the nervous system in this quiz. Learn about the central and peripheral nervous systems, including their divisions and the roles they play in the body's responses. Discover the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems and how they manage stress responses.
