Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a morphological division of the nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a morphological division of the nervous system?
- Somatic Nervous System (correct)
- Peripheral Nervous System
- Central Nervous System
- Autonomic Nervous System
What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
- To release neurotransmitters
- To maintain the structure of the neuron
- To conduct impulses away from the cell body
- To transmit impulses toward the cell body (correct)
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the communication at the neuromuscular junction?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the communication at the neuromuscular junction?
- Serotonin
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
- Acetylcholine (correct)
What occurs during the action potential in a neuron?
What occurs during the action potential in a neuron?
What role do neuroglia serve in the nervous system?
What role do neuroglia serve in the nervous system?
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there in the human body?
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there in the human body?
Which type of muscle is innervated by the visceral efferent division of the nervous system?
Which type of muscle is innervated by the visceral efferent division of the nervous system?
What is the function of axons in neurons?
What is the function of axons in neurons?
What is the primary function of the lens in the eye?
What is the primary function of the lens in the eye?
What happens to light rays that are close to the eye?
What happens to light rays that are close to the eye?
Where do nasal fibers of the optic nerve decussate?
Where do nasal fibers of the optic nerve decussate?
What is the name of the area where the visual pathway terminates?
What is the name of the area where the visual pathway terminates?
What structure is primarily responsible for secreting earwax?
What structure is primarily responsible for secreting earwax?
What role does the ciliary body play in vision?
What role does the ciliary body play in vision?
Which part of the eye is set for distant vision by default?
Which part of the eye is set for distant vision by default?
What is the primary role of the Eustachian tube in the middle ear?
What is the primary role of the Eustachian tube in the middle ear?
Which structure is considered the receptor for hearing?
Which structure is considered the receptor for hearing?
What does the optic tract consist of?
What does the optic tract consist of?
What type of deafness is caused by damage to the cochlear nerve or hair cells?
What type of deafness is caused by damage to the cochlear nerve or hair cells?
Which fluid fills the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?
Which fluid fills the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?
What part of the cochlea initiates the process of sound wave stimulation?
What part of the cochlea initiates the process of sound wave stimulation?
Which condition may lead to conduction deafness?
Which condition may lead to conduction deafness?
Which components are part of the membranous labyrinth?
Which components are part of the membranous labyrinth?
What action occurs when the hair cells in the organ of Corti are stimulated?
What action occurs when the hair cells in the organ of Corti are stimulated?
What is the location of the third ventricle?
What is the location of the third ventricle?
Which structure is located posteriorly to the fourth ventricle?
Which structure is located posteriorly to the fourth ventricle?
Which of the following is true about the dura mater?
Which of the following is true about the dura mater?
Which space is filled with a small amount of serous fluid and is located between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater?
Which space is filled with a small amount of serous fluid and is located between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater?
What is the expected result of Weber's Test in a normal individual?
What is the expected result of Weber's Test in a normal individual?
What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid?
What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid?
Which layer of the meninges is described as having a spider web appearance?
Which layer of the meninges is described as having a spider web appearance?
In Rinne’s Test, what does it indicate if bone conduction is greater than air conduction?
In Rinne’s Test, what does it indicate if bone conduction is greater than air conduction?
Which receptor is primarily stimulated by linear acceleration in the vestibular system?
Which receptor is primarily stimulated by linear acceleration in the vestibular system?
What type of tissue primarily composes the pia mater?
What type of tissue primarily composes the pia mater?
Which structures communicate with the subarachnoid space through openings?
Which structures communicate with the subarachnoid space through openings?
Which cranial nerve is involved in transmitting vestibular information to the central nervous system?
Which cranial nerve is involved in transmitting vestibular information to the central nervous system?
What is the main function of the vestibular system?
What is the main function of the vestibular system?
Which structure within the vestibular system contains otoliths that assist in detecting linear acceleration?
Which structure within the vestibular system contains otoliths that assist in detecting linear acceleration?
What is the role of the medial vestibular nucleus?
What is the role of the medial vestibular nucleus?
Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
Study Notes
Morphological Divisions of the Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system.
Functional Divisions of the Nervous System
- Somatic Efferent: Innervates skeletal muscles and skin.
- Visceral Efferent: Innervates involuntary structures like smooth and cardiac muscles, as well as glands.
Cell Types in the Nervous System
- Neurons: Conduct electrical impulses; essential active components.
- Neuroglia: Supporting cells that maintain homeostasis and structure.
Neurons
- Basic unit conducting electrical signals throughout the body.
- Contains a perikaryon (cell body) and processes (dendrites and axons).
Processes of Neurons
- Dendrites: Short, branch-like structures that receive impulses toward the cell body.
- Axons: Long, singular extensions that transmit impulses away from the cell body.
Synapse
- Connection points between neurons; axons release neurotransmitters for signal transmission.
- Main neurotransmitters include:
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
- Acetylcholine (at neuromuscular junctions).
Nerve Impulse
- Action potential: Localized change in electric charge across the neuron membrane due to shifts in sodium and potassium ions following stimulation.
Ventricles of the Brain
- Third Ventricle: Slit-like cavity between the thalami, continuous with the cerebral aqueduct.
- Fourth Ventricle: Located between cerebellum and brainstem, communicating with the subarachnoid space.
Meninges
- Protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord, structured as:
- Dura Mater: Tough outer layer with cranial and spinal portions.
- Arachnoid Mater: Delicate middle layer with a spider web appearance.
- Pia Mater: Vascular innermost layer that closely covers the brain surface.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Clear fluid circulating within the brain and spinal cord, about 150 ml in volume, acting as a cushion for protection.
Visual Pathway
- Optic nerve contains nasal and temporal fibers; nasal fibers decussate at the optic chiasm.
- Lateral geniculate bodies serve as the last relay stations before fibers project to the primary visual area (Brodmann's Area 17).
Auditory Sense
- Outer Ear: Comprises the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane.
- Middle Ear: Contains the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) connecting to the Eustachian tube.
- Inner Ear: Includes the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibule; contains fluid-filled structures that facilitate hearing and balance.
Mechanism of Hearing
- Sound waves reach the cochlea, stimulating hair cells in the organ of Corti which transmit impulses to the auditory cortex.
Types of Deafness
- Conduction Deafness: Results from issues with sound transmission in the external or middle ear.
- Sensorineural Deafness: Caused by damage to receptor cells or auditory pathways; can be age-related or due to loud sounds.
Tests for Hearing Loss
- Weber’s Test: Identifies conduction vs. sensorineural deafness based on sound lateralization.
- Rinne’s Test: Compares air and bone conduction; normal air conduction is expected.
Vestibular Sense
- Receptors in the inner ear contribute to balance and spatial orientation, transmitting signals via the 8th cranial nerve.
- Dynamic functions are mediated by semicircular canals, while static functions are monitored by the utricle.
Olfactory Sense
- Olfactory epithelium detects chemicals dissolved in mucus, sending impulses to the olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe (Brodmann's Area 34).
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your understanding of the nervous system in this quiz based on Lesson 9 by Efreim Louie Sombillo Ilano. Explore the morphological and functional divisions of the nervous system, including the central and peripheral nervous systems. Challenge yourself with questions about cranial and spinal nerves.
