bio 1191 exam 1

homeostasis

True (A)

Sensory = Detect changes through sensory receptors Integrative = Analyze incoming sensory information, store some aspects, and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors Motor = Respond to stimuli via effectors

<p>Digestive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leak channels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligand-gated channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>voltage-gated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leak channels = Respond to direct changes in membrane potential Ligand-gated channels = Randomly open and close, allowing continuous ion leakage Mechanically-gated channels = Respond to chemical stimuli Voltage-gated channels = Respond to mechanical vibration or pressure stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schwann cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myelin sheaths act as an insulating layer around axons, speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dendrite</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrocytes = Maintain the chemical environment around neurons Oligodendrocytes = Produce myelin in the CNS Microglia = Participate in phagocytosis of cellular debris Ependymal cells = Form and circulate cerebrospinal fluid Satellite cells = Support neurons in the PNS Schwann cells = Produce myelin in the PNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hypothalamus, brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, digestion, breathing, and blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>somatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine (NE) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothalamus = Control center for autonomic functions Limbic System = Emotional influences on autonomic responses Brainstem = Integration of autonomic reflexes Spinal Cord = Autonomic reflexes involving internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine (ACh) = All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons Norepinephrine (NE) = Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) = Chromaffin cells of suprarenal medullae</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic and parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotinic and Muscarinic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>epinephrine and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotinic = Plasma membrane of postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons Muscarinic = Effectors innervated by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>arachnoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cervical enlargement and the lumbar enlargement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controls the release of hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conus medullaris = The tapered end of the spinal cord Filum terminale = An extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx Cauda equina = The roots of the lower spinal nerves that angle down alongside the filum terminale</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>lumbar</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central canal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Posterior root = Contains axons of motor neurons Anterior root = Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons Posterior root ganglion = Contains axons of sensory neurons Ligamentum flavum = Connective tissue that helps stabilize the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>subarachnoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess the electrical activity of the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epineurium = The outermost connective tissue covering of a nerve Perineurium = Covers bundles of nerve fibers within a nerve Endoneurium = Surrounds individual nerve fibers within a fascicle Cauda equina = Collection of nerve roots extending from the spinal cord below the termination of the cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cerebellum functions in the coordination of skeletal muscle contractions and in the maintenance and fine tune of normal muscle tone, posture, and balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Midbrain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pineal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thalamus = Relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex Hypothalamus = Regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst Epithalamus = Contains the pineal gland and habenular nuclei Circumventricular Organs (CVOs) = Monitor chemical changes in the blood and coordinate homeostatic activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothalamus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occipital</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frontal lobe = Planning, decision-making, voluntary movement Parietal lobe = Sensory information processing, spatial awareness Temporal lobe = Hearing, memory, language Occipital lobe = Visual processing Insula = Taste, visceral sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delta waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electroencephalogram (EEG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>sensory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha waves = Awake and resting with closed eyes Beta waves = Active nervous system with sensory input or mental activity Theta waves = Emotional stress in children and adults Delta waves = Deep sleep in adults and awake infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nervous system detects changes (sensory), analyzes (integrative), and responds (motor) to stimuli.

Electrically excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses known as action potentials.

A nerve impulse generated by a neuron when it is electrically excited.

Supportive cells in the nervous system that protect and maintain neurons.

The process by which the nervous system helps maintain stable internal conditions.

Classification based on the number of processes from the cell body.

Categorization based on nerve impulse direction: sensory, motor, and interneurons.

Neurons that convey information to the CNS from sensory receptors.

A protective covering around axons produced by Schwann cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS).

Action Potentials enable long-distance communication; Graded Potentials enable short-distance communication.

A stable voltage across a neuron's membrane when it is not actively firing an action potential.

Proteins that allow specific ions to cross the membrane, crucial for generating Action and Graded Potentials.

Ion channels that randomly open and close, primarily allowing K+ ions to move across the membrane.

Ion channels that open or close in response to changes in membrane potential, critical for action potentials.

Part of the nervous system that controls involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion.

The part of the nervous system that controls voluntary movements and sensory information from the skin and muscles.

Cells that detect changes in the environment, sending information to the nervous system.

Sensory receptors that receive stimuli from within the body, like hunger and thirst.

Sympathetic prepares the body for action ('fight or flight'), while parasympathetic promotes rest ('rest and digest').

Neurons that release acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.

Neurons that release norepinephrine (noradrenaline) as a neurotransmitter.

Cholinergic receptors found in postganglionic neurons, activated by acetylcholine.

Cholinergic receptors located in effectors innervated by parasympathetic neurons, which can cause excitation or inhibition.

Cholinergic activation can lead to excitation in some tissues and inhibition in others, like increased sweating.

A route that motor neurons utilize to send signals from the CNS to effectors.

Neurons that directly connect from the CNS to skeletal muscles for voluntary movements.

Neurons that extend from the CNS and synapse with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

Chemicals released by neurons that transmit signals in the autonomic nervous system, such as ACh and NE.

Region of the spinal cord that handles motor output and sensory input to/from the legs.

White matter is on the outside of the spinal cord, while gray matter is on the inside.

A swelling in the posterior root that contains sensory neuron cell bodies.

A pain relief procedure during labor, administered in the spine.

Neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands).

A procedure where a needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space to withdraw CSF or deliver medication.

The process of withdrawing cerebrospinal fluid to diagnose conditions like meningitis.

Lower doses of anesthetics are used during a lumbar puncture compared to epidural anesthesia.

31 pairs of nerves that connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands.

The system that includes all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, including spinal nerves.

Processes reflexes, integrates signals, conducts impulses to brain and effectors.

Includes the conus medullaris, filum terminale, and cauda equina.

Three protective layers covering the spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.

Neural pathways that control reflex actions, involving sensory and motor neurons.

Protected by bone (vertebrae), connective tissue (meninges), and cerebrospinal fluid.

Coordinates skeletal muscle contractions, maintaining muscle tone, posture, and balance.

The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

Relay station for sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex (except smell).

Controls body activities and homeostasis; connects to the pituitary gland to secrete hormones.

Contains the pineal gland, which secretes melatonin; involved in olfaction.

Detectable signals generated by neurons, indicating electrical activity in the brain.

A record of brain electrical activity, typically using electrodes on the scalp.

Brain waves associated with relaxed wakefulness, occurring when eyes are closed.

Low-frequency waves that occur during deep sleep in adults and in awake infants.

Twelve pairs of nerves that originate from the brain, primarily serving the head and neck.

Regulates autonomic functions, hormones, and behaviors like eating and drinking.

Outer layer of gray matter containing billions of neurons and responsible for complex functions.

A bundle of white matter tracts connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

Paired masses of gray matter that initiate movements and regulate muscle tone.

A brain region associated with emotions, memories, and behavior regulation.