159 Questions
Which cranial nerve is responsible for motor innervation of the trapezius muscle for raising the shoulders?
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
Which cranial nerve is primarily involved in controlling eye movement?
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Which cranial nerve is responsible for motor innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle for head turning?
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
Which cranial nerve is involved in motor control of chewing?
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) primarily related to?
Swallowing
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?
CN I: Olfactory Nerve
Which cranial nerve is involved in the constriction of the pupil?
CN III: Oculomotor Nerve
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensation of touch, vibration, proprioception, pain, and temperature on the face?
CN V: Trigeminal Nerve
Which cranial nerve is responsible for eye movements?
CN III: Oculomotor Nerve
Which structure is in close proximity to the midbrain, and its compression can lead to clinical symptoms?
Uncus
What is the function of arachnoid villi in the brain?
Absorb cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What is a characteristic feature of non-communicating hydrocephalus?
Obstruction of cerebral aqueduct
Which region lacks tight junctions allowing neuron access to blood plasma for sensory function?
Circumventricular organs
In what condition does a cystic mass obstruct the superior aspect of the aqueduct?
Metastatic cancer of the meninges
Which structure is used in the treatment of obstructing aqueduct conditions?
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt
What is the primary function of the abducens nerve (CN VI)?
Eye movements
Which cranial nerve carries visceral afferent fibers from the carotid sinus and carotid body, regulating cardiac function?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the special sense of gustation (taste) from the base of the tongue?
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Which cranial nerve carries somatic afferent fibers for audition (hearing)?
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression?
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Which of the following structures is not a dural fold?
Arachnoid granulations
Which artery is the primary blood supply to the cranial dura mater?
Middle meningeal artery
Which cranial nerve is most commonly affected in an epidural hemorrhage?
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Which of the following sinuses is located between the two layers of the dura mater?
Superior sagittal sinus
Which clinical condition is associated with impaired circulation in the dural venous sinuses?
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
What are the functions of the foramen of Luschka and foramen of Magendie?
Facilitate the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid from the fourth ventricle
What is the primary cause of neural tube defects during early development?
Insufficient intake of folic acid
Which of the following conditions involves a failure of the vertebral canal to close properly?
Spina bifida
What is the primary characteristic of syringomyelia?
Formation of a cavity filled with cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal cord
Which condition is associated with the congenital absence of the foramen of Luschka and foramen of Magendie?
Dandy-Walker syndrome
Which of the following arteries is responsible for supplying the internal capsule and basal ganglia?
Lenticulostriate arteries
Which artery forms the anastomotic arterial circle of Willis after entering the cranium?
Internal carotid artery
What is the characteristic presentation of subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Intense headache, stiff neck, and photophobia
Which of the following sinuses do the internal carotid arteries pass through before entering the cranium?
Cavernous sinus
What is the appearance of a leaking blood in subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Tree-like appearance following sulci and contours
Which artery branches from the subclavian artery and ascends through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?
Vertebral artery
In which type of intracranial hemorrhage does the ventricular system fill with blood?
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
Which of the following arteries bifurcates at the level of the thyroid cartilage into the external and internal carotid arteries?
Common carotid artery
Which of the following is not a branch of the internal carotid artery?
Superior cerebellar artery
Which of the following is the origin of the right common carotid artery?
Brachiocephalic trunk
Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for swallowing?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
What is the primary function of the vagus nerve (CN X)?
Providing various sensory and motor innervation to the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and viscera
Which cranial nerve is responsible for tongue protrusion?
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Which of the following structures is not innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X)?
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Which cranial nerve is responsible for raising the shoulders?
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
Which cranial nerve provides sensation to the posterior pharynx?
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
Which cranial nerve is responsible for motor innervation of the pharynx and larynx?
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
Which cranial nerve carries special senses related to gustation from the base of the tongue?
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
Where is the motor nucleus of the abducens nerve located?
Medial Ponto-Medullary junction
Which cranial nerve is associated with balance and equilibrium functions?
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)
Which cranial nerve is primarily involved in the function of the pharynx and larynx?
Vagus nerve (CN X)
What is the primary function of the epiglottis?
Preventing food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing
Which structure separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?
Soft palate
What is the primary function of the ventricles in the brain?
Containing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensation of taste from the posterior third of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Which category of fiber tracts connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex to each other?
Commissural fibers
Where is Broca's area located in relation to Wernicke's area?
Anterior to Wernicke's area
What is the primary function of the arcuate fasciculus in the brain?
Connecting Broca's area and Wernicke's area
Which structure in the brain connects one part of the brain with another and is described as a stalk-like bundle of nerve fibers?
Peduncle
In which part of the spinal cord can you find gray matter shaped like a butterfly with dorsal and ventral horns?
Thoracic region
Which structure is the site of formation for the choroid plexus in the myelencephalon?
Fourth ventricle
Which region of the midbrain gives rise to motor neurons that innervate the eye muscles controlling eye movement?
Peduncular region
Which part of the metencephalon contributes to the formation of the cerebellar vermis?
Rhombic lip
Which cranial nerve originates from the alar plate in the myelencephalon and is responsible for the special sense of hearing?
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Which region of the metencephalon contributes to the coordination of movements and spatial memory?
Cerebellum
What is the diameter range of a neuronal soma or cell body?
10 to 100 micrometers
Which part of the brain is responsible for higher executive functions, planning, initiating, and self-monitoring behavior?
Frontal Lobe
Which part of the brain includes the Pons and Cerebellum?
Metencephalon
Which ventricle is associated with the Diencephalon in terms of embryological origin?
Third Ventricle
What are the main types of surface folds of the Telencephalon?
Gyri and Sulci
Which structure is involved in the formation of the pharyngeal arches during embryonic development?
Neural crest cells
Which of the following structures is derived from the fourth pharyngeal arch?
Cricoid cartilage
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of the pharyngeal muscles?
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Which of the following structures is derived from the third pharyngeal arch?
Hyoid bone
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensation of taste from the posterior one-third of the tongue?
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Which of the following structures is derived from the sixth pharyngeal arch?
There is no sixth pharyngeal arch
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of the muscles involved in swallowing?
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Which structure is derived from the second pharyngeal arch?
All of the above
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Which of the following structures is derived from the first pharyngeal arch?
Malleus
Which type of fibers connect different parts of the cerebral cortex in one hemisphere?
Association fibers
What is the primary function of the cerebral peduncles?
Connect the cerebral hemisphere to the rest of the brainstem
Where is the gray matter shaped like a butterfly with dorsal and ventral horns located?
In the spinal cord
Which structure connects higher elements like the cerebral cortex and lower elements like the spinal cord along the rostrocaudal axis?
Projection fibers
What is a stalk-like bundle of nerve fibers connecting one part of the brain with another called?
Peduncle
Which type of ganglion is surrounded by non-neuronal tissue and can be either somatic or visceral?
Sympathetic chain ganglia
Where are lateral horns of gray matter typically found?
In the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensation of smell?
CN I
Where is the trochlear nerve (CN IV) located within the brainstem?
Medial lower brainstem close to inferior colliculi
How does glucose cross the blood-brain barrier?
Facilitated diffusion via GLUT1
Which part of the brainstem houses CN III: Oculomotor Nerve?
Midbrain
What is the primary function of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?
Sensory information from the face
Which molecule crosses the blood-brain barrier by facilitated diffusion via a carrier for neutral amino acids?
L-DOPA
What is the main transport route for molecules across the blood-brain barrier?
Transcellular route
Which cranial nerve originates in the thoraco-lumbar spinal cord and is involved in dilating the pupil?
CN I
Which of the following structures is used for the most accurate measurement of intracranial pressure?
Ventricular catheter
Where does the optic nerve (CN II) connect in the brain?
Diencephalon
Which cranial nerve is involved in eye movement control and pupillary constriction?
CN III
What adverse effect is commonly associated with a rise in intracranial pressure?
Nausea
Which of the following ions is involved in the secondary active co-transport of glycine across the blood-brain barrier?
Sodium
What kind of information does the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) primarily convey?
Auditory and balance information
What is the normal range for intracranial pressure (ICP)?
5-15 mmHg
What is the primary purpose of lumbar puncture (spinal tap) in adults and children?
Estimate of intracranial pressure
What is the primary function of myelination in axons?
To increase the speed of action potential propagation
Which statement best describes the distribution of voltage-gated sodium channels in myelinated axons?
Sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier
What is the primary advantage of saltatory conduction in myelinated axons compared to unmyelinated axons?
Increased speed of action potential propagation
Which of the following disorders is associated with the destruction of myelin sheaths?
Both A and B
What is the primary consequence of myelin sheath damage in disorders like multiple sclerosis?
Slowed or blocked action potential conduction
Which of the following statements accurately describes the propagation of action potentials in unmyelinated axons?
Action potentials propagate continuously from one region to the adjacent region
What is the primary function of the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons?
To facilitate saltatory conduction
Which of the following cell types is responsible for myelination in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Oligodendrocytes
What is the sequence of events that occurs between a presynaptic impulse and the postsynaptic response to neurotransmitter?
Arrival of action potential, activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, fusion of vesicle and neurotransmitter release, diffusion of neurotransmitter across synaptic cleft, transmitter-receptor binding
What is the difference between quantal size and quantal content?
Quantal size refers to the smallest postsynaptic response related to transmitter released from a single vesicle, while quantal content refers to the number of quanta or vesicles released per impulse.
What is the effect of replacing Ca2+ with Mg2+ in the synaptic cleft?
It blocks voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, reducing Ca2+ influx and decreasing EPPs.
What is the role of the probability of release (p) in quantal release of neurotransmitter?
p increases with increased intracellular Ca2+ and is greater than 0 even in the absence of stimulation, allowing for spontaneous vesicle release.
What is the effect of botulinum toxin on neurotransmitter release?
It blocks the exocytosis of acetylcholine (ACh) vesicles, preventing neurotransmitter release.
What is the effect of tetanus toxin on neurotransmitter release?
It degrades synaptobrevin, inhibiting glycine release, leading to sustained powerful contractions (hypertonia).
What is the effect of 4-aminopyridine on neurotransmitter release?
It increases the duration of action potentials by blocking K+ channels, potentially enhancing neurotransmitter release.
What is the function of graded potentials and excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)?
They produce sub-threshold, brief, local changes in dendrites and cell bodies but not axons.
Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for motor innervation of the pharyngeal muscles?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
In which brain region does the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) primarily function for motor innervation?
Medulla
Which cranial nerve is involved in controlling eye movement, eyelid lifting, and pupil constriction?
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
What is the primary function of the vagus nerve (CN X)?
Motor control of swallowing
Which cranial nerve carries sensory fibers related to hearing and balance?
Acoustic nerve (CN VIII)
Where is the motor nucleus of the abducens nerve located?
Pons
Which spinal cord segments are responsible for innervating the lower extremities?
L1-L3
What is the primary function of the trochlear nerve (CN IV)?
Controls eye movement
In obstructive (noncommunicating) hydrocephalus, which part of the ventricular system is often blocked?
Interventricular foramina
Which symptom is commonly seen in infants with hydrocephalus due to increased CSF pressure?
Sun setting gaze
What distinguishes communicating hydrocephalus from obstructive hydrocephalus?
Mismatched absorption and production of CSF
What is a common symptom of hydrocephalus in older children and adults?
Difficulty maintaining balance
Which part of the brain is affected in hydrocephalus ex vacuo?
Brain tissue atrophy
What can impaired absorption of CSF by the superior sagittal sinus lead to?
Increased CSF pressure
Which type of hydrocephalus results in enlargement of all ventricles?
Communicating hydrocephalus
What is the primary cause of obstructive (noncommunicating) hydrocephalus?
Blockage within the ventricular system
What is the main function of the transition zone between the CNS and PNS?
To facilitate communication between the CNS and PNS
In which direction does the motor pathway travel before crossing over at the medulla?
From the right side of the cerebral cortex down to the spinal cord
How does a lesion in the spinal cord affect motor function?
It causes ipsilateral motor deficits
Which pathway does the perception of pain follow before crossing over in the spinal cord?
The pain pathway
What is the primary purpose of X-ray imaging in the context of neuroanatomy?
To assess diseases of the skull
Where does the touch sensation pathway cross over from one side to the other?
In the medulla
How does a lesion in the cerebral cortex, midbrain, pons, or medulla affect touch sensation?
It causes contralateral loss of touch sensation
How does a lesion in the medulla, pons, or midbrain affect the perception of pain?
It causes contralateral loss of pain perception
What is the primary function of myelin sheath in axons?
To increase the conduction velocity of action potentials
What is the primary difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in terms of myelination?
Oligodendrocytes myelinate multiple segments of the same axon, while Schwann cells myelinate only one segment per axon
What is the function of the Nodes of Ranvier?
To allow for saltatory conduction of action potentials
What is the role of Schwann cells in the regeneration of severed axons in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells retract from the isolated distal axonal segment and form a guide tube for axonal regrowth
What is the mechanism by which an axon instructs a Schwann cell to myelinate it?
The axon sends a chemical signal to the Schwann cell
What is the approximate length of a single myelinated segment in the central nervous system?
1000 micrometers ($\mu$m)
What is the primary function of the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?
To increase the conduction velocity of action potentials
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the myelination of small-diameter axons?
Small-diameter axons are not myelinated
What is the primary function of local anesthetics like lidocaine?
To preferentially block actively firing neurons by binding to the open sodium channel pore
Which of the following best describes the action of anti-seizure drugs like phenytoin and carbamazepine?
They bind to and stabilize the inactive configuration of sodium channels, blocking sodium flux
What is a key property of electrical synapses?
They allow for direct ionic communication between cells via gap junctions
What is a key feature of chemical synapses?
The presynaptic cell releases chemicals that bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell
Which of the following conditions is characterized by an autoimmune attack on Schwann cells?
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Which of the following ions is involved in the secondary active co-transport of glycine across the blood-brain barrier?
Sodium (Na$^+$)
What is the primary function of the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons?
To facilitate saltatory conduction of action potentials
What is the role of the probability of release (p) in quantal release of neurotransmitter?
It determines the probability that a single vesicle will release its neurotransmitter content
Test your knowledge on components and functions of the nervous system including touch, vibration, proprioception, pain, temperature, special senses like vision and hearing, and the regulation of internal organs. This quiz covers somatic efferents, visceral nervous system, somatic motor system, and general visceral afferents.
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