Questions and Answers
What is the small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron?
synaptic cleft
What molecule carries information across a synaptic cleft?
neurotransmitter
What happens when calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal?
they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron.
What occurs when neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron?
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What occurs if a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside?
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Which part of the brain is associated with conscious thought, memory, and personality?
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Which part of the brain functions as a relay station for information to the limbic system and the cerebral cortex?
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An individual who has suffered a stroke affecting his cerebrum and has hearing problems has probably suffered damage to his occipital lobe.
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About how many people in the U.S. are living with amputations?
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Which individuals are most likely to choose a more extensive amputation?
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What is frequently a problem for those who opted for fused joints?
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New prostheses make use of what technology to simulate the action of missing muscles and tendons?
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What type of prosthetic do those with upper extremity injuries most often use?
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During transmission across a typical chemical synapse, what do neurotransmitter molecules bind to?
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Cranial nerves originate in the brain. They belong to which system?
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What part of a nerve cell carries signals from the part of the cell that houses the nucleus?
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What part of a nerve cell carries signals toward the part of the cell that houses the nucleus?
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The functional unit of the nervous system is the?
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When you are very nervous, what division of your autonomic nervous system is stimulated?
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The simplest animals to display cephalization and centralization of the nervous system are?
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The central communication conduit between the brain and the rest of the body is the?
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What are the two major anatomical divisions of the nervous system?
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Which brain region controls the secretion of pituitary hormones and exerts direct control over many aspects of homeostasis?
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Study Notes
Synapses and Neurotransmitters
- The synaptic cleft is a small gap between the sending and receiving neurons.
- Neurotransmitters are the molecules responsible for transmitting information across the synaptic cleft.
- Calcium ions entering the synaptic terminal trigger vesicles to release neurotransmitters by fusing with the plasma membrane of the sending neuron.
- When neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the receiving neuron, ion channels in its plasma membrane open, allowing ions to flow and alter its internal charge.
Neuronal Response and Action Potential
- If the interior of the receiving neuron becomes more negative, it becomes less likely to generate an action potential, reducing its chance to transmit signals further.
Brain Structure and Functions
- The cerebral cortex is involved in conscious thought, memory, and personality, representing the "higher functions" of the brain.
- The thalamus acts as a relay station, processing and relaying sensory information to the limbic system and cerebral cortex.
- Visual processing occurs in the occipital lobe, while auditory processing takes place in the temporal lobe.
Amputation and Prosthetics
- Approximately 2 million people in the U.S. live with amputations.
- Individuals with injuries below the knee are more likely to choose more extensive amputations.
- Fused joints often lead to challenges such as extreme arthritis.
- Modern prosthetics utilize robotics to simulate the action of lost muscles and tendons.
- The hook prosthetic is commonly used for upper extremity injuries.
Nervous System Anatomy and Function
- Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in chemical synapse transmission by binding to receptors on the receiving cell.
- Cranial nerves, part of the central nervous system, originate in the brain.
- Axons carry signals away from the cell body, while dendrites bring signals toward it.
- The neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system.
Autonomic Nervous System
- The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for physical responses (e.g., a dry mouth and rapid heartbeat) during stress or anxiety.
Evolution and Basic Nervous System
- Flatworms are among the simplest animals exhibiting cephalization and centralization of their nervous systems.
Spinal Cord and Nervous System Divisions
- The spinal cord serves as the primary communication pathway between the brain and the rest of the body.
- The nervous system consists of two main parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
Homeostasis Regulation
- The hypothalamus regulates the secretion of pituitary hormones and controls various aspects of homeostasis in the body.
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Test your knowledge of the nervous system with these flashcards that cover key terms and definitions. Each card helps reinforce important concepts such as synaptic clefts and neurotransmitters. Perfect for students studying biology or related fields.
