Nervous System Development
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Questions and Answers

What appears on the 17th day of CNS development?

  • Neural plate (correct)
  • Neuroporus anterior
  • Neural tube and crests
  • Neural groove

What is the neural plate wider at the cranial end?

  • Where the brain will arise (correct)
  • Where the neural folds will arise
  • Where the spinal cord will arise
  • Where the neural crest will arise

What occurs during the 18-21 day period of CNS development?

  • Neural tube formation
  • Neural groove formation
  • Neural plate formation
  • Neurulation (correct)

What develops on the 21st day of CNS development?

<p>Neural tube and crests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the neural plate a thickening of?

<p>Ectoderm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What closes on the 25th day of CNS development?

<p>Neuroporus anterior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During neurulation, what forms from the neural plate?

<p>Neural tube (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the neural crest cells?

<p>Forming sensory ganglia cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three primary brain vesicles?

<p>Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the caudal part of the roof plate of the diencephalon?

<p>Pineal body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the cervical flexure?

<p>Flexure between the hindbrain and the spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms the lateral walls of the diencephalon?

<p>Alar plates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the derivative of the neural tube?

<p>Neurons of the CNS and glia cells of the CNS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the continuous growth of the cerebral hemispheres?

<p>Formation of the frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube?

<p>Neurulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the derivative of the mesenchyme?

<p>Microglia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hypothalamic sulcus?

<p>Divides the plate into thalamus and hypothalamus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the thalamus invaginate into?

<p>The lumen of the diencephalon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What develops from the median portion of the prosencephalon?

<p>The diencephalon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the adenohypophysis?

<p>Ectoderm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defect characterized by the absence of brain tissue?

<p>Anencephaly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical period for the development of anencephaly?

<p>23rd-26th day of pregnancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a failure of neural tube closure?

<p>Neural tube defect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by an ossification defect in the bones of the skull?

<p>Cephalus deffectus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the region that will give rise to the brain?

<p>Cranial end of the neural plate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the neural plate a thickening of?

<p>Ectoderm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of the neural crest cells?

<p>They will give rise to various tissues and structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at the 21st day of CNS development?

<p>Neural tube and crest formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the neural groove?

<p>It is the initial stage of neurulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of neural plate transformation into the neural tube?

<p>Neurulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamic sulcus?

<p>Divides the diencephalon into thalamus and hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure develops from the lower portion of the alar plate?

<p>Hypothalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the neurohypophysis?

<p>Neuroectoderm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a failure of neural tube closure?

<p>Spina bifida (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the defective ossification of the bones of the skull?

<p>Cephalus Deffectus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period of development does anencephaly occur?

<p>23rd-26th day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a neural tube defect characterized by the absence of brain tissue?

<p>Anencephaly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that develops from the median portion of the prosencephalon?

<p>Diencephalon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the fusion of the neural folds?

<p>Formation of the neural tube (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the neurons of the central nervous system?

<p>Neural tube (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the derivative of the neural crest?

<p>Schwann cells, melanocytes, and c-cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube?

<p>Neurulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the expansion of the brain?

<p>Formation of the primary brain vesicles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the glia cells of the CNS?

<p>Neural tube (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the growth of the cerebral hemispheres?

<p>Formation of the frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the derivative of the ventricular zone?

<p>Internal limiting membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the most rostral of the brain vesicles?

<p>Telencephalon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the formation of the lamina terminales?

<p>Formation of the lateral ventricles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neurulation

The transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube during embryonic development.

Neural Crest Cells

A specialized group of cells that arise from the neural tube and migrate to various locations in the body.

Ventricular Zone

A thin layer of cells lining the ventricle of the spinal cord, responsible for generating neurons during development.

Telencephalon

The most rostral part of the forebrain responsible for higher brain function.

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Cerebral Hemispheres

The lateral outpocketings of the telencephalon that develop into the two hemispheres of the brain.

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Corpus Striatum

Large, C-shaped structure within the cerebral hemispheres involved in motor control, learning, and memory.

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Choroid Plexus

Thin, vascular membrane in the brain responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid.

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Anencephaly

A neural tube defect characterized by the absence of a portion of the skull and brain.

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Spina Bifida

Congenital defect where the neural tube fails to close completely during development, resulting in a portion of the spinal cord being exposed.

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Neural Tube Closure

The process of the neural plate closing to form the neural tube.

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Meningomyelocele

A type of neural tube defect where the spinal cord protrudes through a gap in the vertebrae.

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Meningocele

A type of neural tube defect characterized by a sac containing meninges protruding through a gap in the vertebrae.

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Neural Crest Cells

Specialized cells that arise from the neural crest and give rise to various cell types in the peripheral nervous system and other tissues.

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Schwann Cells

Cells that form the myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system.

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Cerebral Cortex

The outermost layer of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions.

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Frontal Lobe

The part of the brain responsible for planning, decision-making, and complex thought.

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Parietal Lobe

The part of the brain responsible for processing sensory information from the body.

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Temporal Lobe

The part of the brain responsible for processing auditory information.

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Occipital Lobe

The part of the brain responsible for processing visual information.

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Cerebellum

The part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement.

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Brainstem

The part of the brain that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord.

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Medulla Oblongata

The part of the brainstem responsible for breathing, heart rate, and other vital functions.

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Limbic System

The part of the brain responsible for regulating emotions and behavior.

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Thalamus

The part of the brain responsible for processing sensory information and relaying it to higher brain centers

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Hypothalamus

The part of the brain responsible for controlling basic functions such as hunger, thirst, and sleep.

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Oligodendrocytes

Cells that form the myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system.

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Ependymal Cells

Cells that line the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord, and help to produce cerebrospinal fluid.

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Astrocytes

Cells that support and nourish neurons in the central nervous system.

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Microglia

Cells that originate in the bone marrow and migrate to the central nervous system to act as immune cells.

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Study Notes

Nervous System Development

  • Develops from Ectoderm
  • Neural plate forms at the caudal end, narrower and gives rise to the spinal cord
  • Neural folds rise, and the neural plate "sinks" to form a neural groove
  • Folds fuse to complete the neural tube, extending cephalically and caudally
  • 2 openings at either end: cranial and caudal neuropores

Neurulation

  • Transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube
  • Fusion of neural folds at the level of the 4th somite

Neural Crest Cells

  • Differentiate into:
    • Schwann cells
    • Melanocytes
    • C-cells (in thyroid gland)
    • Medulla of the adrenal gland
    • Mesenchyme of the pharyngeal arches

Origin of Nervous System Cells

  • Neural crest:
    • Pseudounipolar neurons of spinal and cranial sensory ganglia
    • Postganglionic neurons of autonomic nervous system
    • Glia cells of peripheral nervous system (Schwann cells, satellite cells)
  • Neural tube:
    • Neurons of CNS
    • Glia cells of CNS (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells)
  • Mesenchyme:
    • Microglia (bone marrow derived)

Development of the Spinal Cord

  • Lower part of the neural tube turns into the spinal cord
  • Ventricular zone
  • Internal limiting membrane

Expansion of the Brain

  • Primary brain vesicles:
    • Forebrain
    • Midbrain
    • Hindbrain
  • Two flexures:
    • Cervical flexure
    • Cranial flexure (between hindbrain and spinal cord)
  • Secondary brain vesicles:
    • Forebrain: Telencephalon, Diencephalon
    • Midbrain: remains just midbrain
    • Hindbrain: Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

Development of the Telencephalon

  • Most rostral of the brain vesicles
  • Consists of:
    • Cerebral hemispheres (two lateral outpocketings)
    • Lamina terminales (a median portion)
  • Lateral ventricles: cavities of the hemispheres

Development of the Cerebral Hemispheres

  • Arise at the beginning of the 5th week as bilateral evaginations of the lateral wall of the prosencephalon
  • Corpus striatum: basal part of the hemispheres begins to grow and bulges into the lumen
  • Formation of the hippocampus
  • Hemispheres cover the lateral aspect of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and cephalic portion of the metencephalon
  • Continuous growth of the cerebral hemispheres results in the formation of frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes

Development of the Diencephalon

  • Rostral part of the roof plate: choroid plexus of the third ventricle
  • Caudal part of the roof plate: pineal body
  • Alar plates form the lateral walls of the diencephalon
  • Thalamus and hypothalamus develop from the median portion of the prosencephalon

Development of the Cortex

  • Divides into diencephalic and telencephalic regions
  • Ependymal cells and vascular mesenchyme form the choroid plexus of the third ventricle

Defects

  • Neural Tube Defects:
    • Spina bifida occulta
    • Spina bifida cystica
    • Meningocele
    • Meningomyelocele
    • Myeloschisis (rachischisis)
  • Cephalus Deffectus:
    • Anencephaly
    • Meningocele
    • Meningoencephalocele
    • Meningohydroencephalocele
    • Hydrocephalus (internus and externus)

Nervous System Development

  • Develops from Ectoderm
  • Neural plate forms at the caudal end, narrower and gives rise to the spinal cord
  • Neural folds rise, and the neural plate "sinks" to form a neural groove
  • Folds fuse to complete the neural tube, extending cephalically and caudally
  • 2 openings at either end: cranial and caudal neuropores

Neurulation

  • Transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube
  • Fusion of neural folds at the level of the 4th somite

Neural Crest Cells

  • Differentiate into:
    • Schwann cells
    • Melanocytes
    • C-cells (in thyroid gland)
    • Medulla of the adrenal gland
    • Mesenchyme of the pharyngeal arches

Origin of Nervous System Cells

  • Neural crest:
    • Pseudounipolar neurons of spinal and cranial sensory ganglia
    • Postganglionic neurons of autonomic nervous system
    • Glia cells of peripheral nervous system (Schwann cells, satellite cells)
  • Neural tube:
    • Neurons of CNS
    • Glia cells of CNS (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells)
  • Mesenchyme:
    • Microglia (bone marrow derived)

Development of the Spinal Cord

  • Lower part of the neural tube turns into the spinal cord
  • Ventricular zone
  • Internal limiting membrane

Expansion of the Brain

  • Primary brain vesicles:
    • Forebrain
    • Midbrain
    • Hindbrain
  • Two flexures:
    • Cervical flexure
    • Cranial flexure (between hindbrain and spinal cord)
  • Secondary brain vesicles:
    • Forebrain: Telencephalon, Diencephalon
    • Midbrain: remains just midbrain
    • Hindbrain: Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

Development of the Telencephalon

  • Most rostral of the brain vesicles
  • Consists of:
    • Cerebral hemispheres (two lateral outpocketings)
    • Lamina terminales (a median portion)
  • Lateral ventricles: cavities of the hemispheres

Development of the Cerebral Hemispheres

  • Arise at the beginning of the 5th week as bilateral evaginations of the lateral wall of the prosencephalon
  • Corpus striatum: basal part of the hemispheres begins to grow and bulges into the lumen
  • Formation of the hippocampus
  • Hemispheres cover the lateral aspect of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and cephalic portion of the metencephalon
  • Continuous growth of the cerebral hemispheres results in the formation of frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes

Development of the Diencephalon

  • Rostral part of the roof plate: choroid plexus of the third ventricle
  • Caudal part of the roof plate: pineal body
  • Alar plates form the lateral walls of the diencephalon
  • Thalamus and hypothalamus develop from the median portion of the prosencephalon

Development of the Cortex

  • Divides into diencephalic and telencephalic regions
  • Ependymal cells and vascular mesenchyme form the choroid plexus of the third ventricle

Defects

  • Neural Tube Defects:
    • Spina bifida occulta
    • Spina bifida cystica
    • Meningocele
    • Meningomyelocele
    • Myeloschisis (rachischisis)
  • Cephalus Deffectus:
    • Anencephaly
    • Meningocele
    • Meningoencephalocele
    • Meningohydroencephalocele
    • Hydrocephalus (internus and externus)

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Histology and Embryology Lecture Notes - Development of the CNS (2020/2021)

Description

This quiz covers the development of the nervous system from the ectoderm, including the formation of the neural groove and neural tube. Learn about the key stages of neural development.

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