Nervous System Basics

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Questions and Answers

Who is the coordinator of the lab classes?

  • Sherwood L.
  • dr Szymon Chowanski (correct)
  • dr hab.inż. Pawel Marciniak prof.
  • Barret et al.

How many lectures are scheduled in the course?

  • 5
  • 12
  • 10 (correct)
  • 8

What is the publisher of the Campbell Biology book?

  • Cengage Learning
  • The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
  • Benjamin Cummings (correct)
  • Thomson Learning

On which date is the first lecture on Nervous system scheduled?

<p>04.03 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the title of the book written by Sherwood L.?

<p>Human Physiology: From Cells to systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the room number of dr hab.inż. Pawel Marciniak prof.?

<p>2.124 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical structure of a multipolar neuron?

<p>Multiple processes extend directly from the cell body, typically many dendrites and one axon. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the myelin sheath in the nervous system?

<p>To insulate and speed up the transmission of nerve impulses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron has a single short process that extends directly from the cell body and looks like a T?

<p>Unipolar neuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the difference in electric potential between the exterior and interior of the cell membrane?

<p>Membrane potential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion channel is responsible for the formation of the resting potential?

<p>Potassium ion channel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Na+/K+ pump?

<p>To maintain the resting potential by pumping sodium ions out and potassium ions in. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron has processes that are only dendrites, with no axon present?

<p>Anaxonic neuron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of neurons to respond to stimuli?

<p>Excitability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the axon hillock?

<p>To generate action potentials in the neuron. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the period of time during which a neuron is unable to generate another action potential?

<p>Refractory period (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Nervous System - Basic Function

  • The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
  • CNS: brain and spinal cord
  • PNS: nerves that connect CNS to the rest of the body

Structure of a Neuron

  • Neuron: basic functional unit of the nervous system
    • Dendrites: receive signals
    • Cell body: contains nucleus
    • Axon: transmits signals
    • Myelin sheath: insulates and speeds up signal transmission

Types of Neurons

  • Multipolar neurons: multiple processes extending from the cell body (most common type)
  • Bipolar neurons: two processes extending from the cell body (some special sense neurons)
  • Unipolar neurons: single short process extending from the cell body (most sensory neurons)
  • Anaxonic neurons: processes are only dendrites, no axon present (interneurons of the CNS)

Important Attribute of Neurons

  • Neurons are excitable and easily excited

Membrane Potential

  • Resting membrane potential: -70mV (difference in electric potential between exterior and interior of cell membrane)
  • Formed by unequal concentrations of K+ and Na+ ions
  • Ion channels: allow ions to pass through the cell membrane
  • Na+/K+ pump: active transport counter to ions concentrations, requires energy from ATP

Generation of Action Potential

  • Stimulus: chemical, physical, or electrical signal
  • Depolarization: stimulus raises membrane potential, threshold is -55mV
  • Action potential: signal that carries information along the axon (1-2 msec)
  • All-or-none response: action potential either occurs or it doesn't, no intermediate responses

Synapses

  • Chemical synapse: transmission occurs through neurotransmitters
  • Electrical synapse: transmission occurs through electrical signals
  • Synaptic transmission: process of transmitting information from one neuron to another
  • Postsynaptic potential: response of the postsynaptic cell to neurotransmitters (excitatory or inhibitory)

Synapse Functioning

  • Summation of impulses: multiple signals combined to produce a response
  • Summation of stimulus: multiple stimuli combined to produce a response

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