Podcast
Questions and Answers
During a stressful situation, such as narrowly avoiding a car accident, which division of the peripheral nervous system is primarily responsible for initiating the 'fight or flight' response?
During a stressful situation, such as narrowly avoiding a car accident, which division of the peripheral nervous system is primarily responsible for initiating the 'fight or flight' response?
- Sensory Division
- Somatic Nervous System
- Sympathetic Nervous System (correct)
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
Which of the following accurately describes the interaction between the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system?
Which of the following accurately describes the interaction between the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system?
- The spinal cord bypasses the peripheral nervous system to communicate directly with muscles and glands.
- The spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system operate independently, handling different types of stimuli and responses.
- The peripheral nervous system acts as a relay, transmitting sensory information to the spinal cord and carrying motor commands from the spinal cord to the body. (correct)
- The spinal cord directly controls all sensory input and motor output without involvement from the peripheral nervous system.
What role does an interneuron play within a reflex arc?
What role does an interneuron play within a reflex arc?
- Directly stimulate muscle contraction without any processing.
- Carry motor commands from the brain to the muscles.
- Transmit sensory information directly to the brain for conscious processing.
- Process sensory information locally in the spinal cord and relay a response to motor neurons. (correct)
How do the somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ in terms of control and function?
How do the somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ in terms of control and function?
After eating a large meal, which branch of the autonomic nervous system is most active?
After eating a large meal, which branch of the autonomic nervous system is most active?
Which of the following accurately describes the roles of the central and peripheral nervous systems?
Which of the following accurately describes the roles of the central and peripheral nervous systems?
How do sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons interact to facilitate a response to an external stimulus?
How do sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons interact to facilitate a response to an external stimulus?
What is the significance of the myelin sheath in the context of nerve impulse transmission?
What is the significance of the myelin sheath in the context of nerve impulse transmission?
Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting potential of a neuron?
Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting potential of a neuron?
If a drug blocked the function of motor neurons, which of the following effects would most likely be observed?
If a drug blocked the function of motor neurons, which of the following effects would most likely be observed?
A neurologist is examining a patient who has lost the ability to feel sensations in their left arm. Assuming the issue originates in a single type of neuron, which type is most likely affected?
A neurologist is examining a patient who has lost the ability to feel sensations in their left arm. Assuming the issue originates in a single type of neuron, which type is most likely affected?
During an action potential, a rapid influx of which ion causes the membrane potential to become positive?
During an action potential, a rapid influx of which ion causes the membrane potential to become positive?
A scientist discovers a new neurotoxin that prevents the sodium-potassium pump from functioning. What immediate effect would this toxin have on a neuron?
A scientist discovers a new neurotoxin that prevents the sodium-potassium pump from functioning. What immediate effect would this toxin have on a neuron?
Flashcards
Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord
Connects the brain to the rest of the body, containing neurons that enter and leave the brain.
Sensory Division
Sensory Division
Gathers information via receptor cells and transmits it to the central nervous system.
Motor Division
Motor Division
Nervous system division that transmits impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands.
Reflex Arc (Reflex Action)
Reflex Arc (Reflex Action)
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Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
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Nervous System
Nervous System
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Sensory Neurons
Sensory Neurons
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Interneurons
Interneurons
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Motor Neurons
Motor Neurons
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Resting Potential
Resting Potential
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Action Potential
Action Potential
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Study Notes
- The nervous system collects and processes information about the internal and external environment, and responds accordingly.
- Messages are transmitted through nerve cells called neurons via electrical signals known as impulses.
Central Nervous System
- The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system.
- This system processes information and generates a response.
- The response is then relayed to muscles, glands, and other tissues through the peripheral nervous system.
Peripheral Nervous System
- This system includes neurons and supporting cells.
- It gathers data about the body's external and internal surroundings.
Types of Neurons
- Sensory neurons carry impulses from sense organs (e.g., eyes and ears) to the central nervous system.
- Interneurons process information and relay commands to other interneurons or motor neurons.
- Motor neurons transmit impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.
The Nerve Impulse
- Neurons at rest have an electrical charge of -70 millivolts (mV), which is called the resting potential.
- When a neuron receives a sufficient stimulus, the resting potential changes, creating a nerve impulse known as an action potential.
Impulse Travel
- Impulses travel more rapidly through an axon with a myelin sheath compared to one without.
The Resting Neuron and the Nerve Impulse
- In a resting neuron, ATP is used by sodium-potassium pumps to pump Na+ out of the cell and pump K+ in.
- Some K+ ions diffuse out, but gated channels prevent Na+ from entering the resting neuron.
Central Nervous System Components
- Sensations from different body areas are perceived in specific brain regions.
- Commands to muscles originate in other brain areas.
- The spinal cord contains most neurons entering and leaving the brain.
- It links the brain to the rest of the body.
Peripheral Nervous System Divisions
- Sensory division: Receptor cells and sensory neurons gather information and transmit impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system.
- Motor division: Transmits impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.
Somatic Nervous System
- Operates under voluntary control.
- Impulses from the brain travel through the spinal cord to motor neurons, which stimulate muscles.
Reflex Arc
- A rapid response (reflex) results from impulses traveling through a pathway called a reflex arc in the spinal cord.
- An interneuron in the spinal cord processes the information and sends a response to leg muscles via motor neurons.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Heart rate: The autonomic nervous system increases heart rate and blood flow to skeletal muscles during exercise.
- Sweat glands: The autonomic nervous system stimulates sweat glands.
- Digestive system: The autonomic nervous system reduces contractions of smooth muscles in the digestive system.
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Systems
- Sympathetic: "Fight or Flight" response, prepares the body for intense activity.
- Parasympathetic: "Rest and Digest" response.
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Description
The nervous system collects and processes information, responding via neurons and electrical impulses. The central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, processes information and relays responses through the peripheral nervous system. Neurons, including sensory, interneurons, and motor neurons, transmit impulses.
