Nervous System Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

Controls and adjusts the activity of the body

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory input and motor output?

  • Central Nervous System (CNS) (correct)
  • Spinal Cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
  • Neural Tissue

    • What are the two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?

    Afferent and efferent divisions

    The _______________ division brings sensory information to the CNS.

    <p>Afferent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of cells in neural tissue?

    <p>Neurons and Neuroglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Responsible for the transfer and processing of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of neuroglia in the nervous system?

    <p>Supporting cells that protect the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of intercellular communication in the nervous system?

    <p>Synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the brain in the central nervous system?

    <p>Integrates and processes information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?

    <p>Integrates and processes information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the central nervous system is true?

    <p>The spinal cord integrates and processes information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the spinal meninges contains blood vessels and is firmly bound to the brain tissue and spinal cord tissue?

    <p>Pia Mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The white matter of the spinal cord consists of axons organized into tracts or columns.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central canal of the spinal cord is filled with ________.

    <p>CSF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their description:

    <p>Gray Matter = Consists of somas (cell bodies) surrounding the central canal White Matter = Consists of axons organized into tracts or columns Somatic Nuclei = Somas organized into groups related to sensory functions Motor Nuclei = Somas organized into groups related to motor functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are four functions of Neuroglia?

    <p>Provide the framework for the neural tissue, Maintain the intercellular environment, Act as phagocytes, Have the ability to reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are Neuroglia Cells of the CNS?

    <p>Microglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Astrocytes are responsible for myelination in the PNS.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ surround all axons in the PNS and are responsible for myelination.

    <p>Schwann cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Neuroglia Cells with their descriptions:

    <p>Astrocytes = Maintain blood-brain barrier; provide structural support; guide neurogenesis Oligodendrocytes = Myelinate CNS axons; provide structural framework Microglia = Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis Ependymal cells = Line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord); assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the frontal lobe?

    <p>Conscious control of skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the occipital lobe?

    <p>Perception of visual stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the parietal lobe?

    <p>Conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, and taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the temporal lobe?

    <p>Conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is activated when a stimulus stretches a muscle in a stretch reflex?

    <p>sensory neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hemisphere is responsible for speech center, writing, language, and mathematics?

    <p>Left hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflex results in a reflexive kick upon activation of motor units in the quadriceps group?

    <p>patellar reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organization of white matter in the spinal cord?

    <p>Columns of nerves (funiculi) consisting of posterior, anterior, and lateral white columns that convey either sensory tracts (ascending tracts) or motor tracts (descending tracts)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spinal cord emerges from the __________ bone.

    <p>occipital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the posterior white column?

    <p>It conveys sensory tracts (ascending tracts)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the anterior white column?

    <p>It conveys motor tracts (descending tracts)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between afferent and efferent pathways?

    <p>Afferent pathways transmit sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system, while efferent pathways transmit motor information from the central nervous system to the periphery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of spinal nerves?

    <p>31 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a reflex?

    <p>An immediate involuntary motor response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of a reflex arc?

    <ol> <li>Activation of a sensory receptor, 2. Relay of information to the CNS, 3. Information processing, 4. Activation of a motor neuron, 5. Response to the stimulus</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the arachnoid mater in the brain?

    <p>Anchors the larger blood vessels of the cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lined with ependymal cells and transports nutrients to the CNS?

    <p>Ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is made in the ________.

    <p>choroid plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the arteries with the Circle of Willis to their respective numbers:

    <p>Anterior communicating = 1 Anterior cerebral = 2 Internal Carotid = 3 Posterior communicating = 4 Posterior cerebral = 5 Basilar = 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and Parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?

    <p>Dominant in stressful situations ('fight or flight')</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parasympathetic nervous system mainly controls 'rest and digest' functions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ nerve is a major nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system.

    <p>Vagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell (special sensory)?

    <p>Olfactory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cranial nerves with their corresponding primary functions:

    <p>Olfactory nerve (N I) = Special sensory (smell) Optic nerve (N II) = Special sensory (vision) Oculomotor nerve (N III) = Motor, eye movements Trochlear nerve (N IV) = Motor, eye movements Trigeminal nerve (N V) = Sensory and motor, opthalmic branch (sensory), maxilary branches (sensory), mandibular branch Abducens nerve (N VI) = Motor, eye movements, lateral movements Facial nerve (N VII) = Sensory and motor, taste receptors on the tongue, and motor control of facial expression Vestibulocochlear nerve (N VIII) = Special sensory, balance and equilibrium, and hearing Glossopharyngeal nerve (N IX) = Sensory and motor, sensory on the tongue, pharynx, and palate Vagus nerve (N X) = Sensory and motor, sensory of the pharynx, auricle, diaphragm, visceral organs Accessory nerve (N XI) = Motor, voluntary swallowing muscles of the soft palate and pharynx Hypoglossal nerve (N XII) = Motor, tongue movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Autonomic Nervous System regulates conscious movements in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nervous System Characteristics

    • Controls and adjusts the activity of the body
    • Provides swift but brief responses
    • Includes:
    • Central Nervous System (CNS)
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    • Includes the brain and spinal cord
    • Responsible for:
      • Integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory input and motor output
      • Seat of intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    • Associated with tissue outside the CNS
    • Divisions:
    • Afferent division: Brings sensory information to the CNS
    • Efferent division: Carries motor commands to muscles and glands

    Cellular Organization in Neural Tissue

    • Specialized to conduct electrical signals through the body
    • Two cell types:
    • Neurons
      • Responsible for the transfer and processing of information in the nervous system
      • Consist of a soma, axon, and dendrites
    • Neuroglia
      • Supporting cells, protect the neuron

    Neuron Structure

    • Soma (cell body)
    • Axon
    • Dendrites

    Synapses

    • Site of intercellular communication
    • Figure 13.10b illustrates the structure of a synapse

    Neuronal Organization Circuits

    • Figure 13.15 illustrates the organization of neurons and their connections

    Neuroglia

    • Functions:
    • Provide the framework for the neural tissue
    • Maintain the intercellular environment
    • Act as phagocytes
    • Have the ability to reproduce
    • Types:
    • Astrocytes
    • Oligodendrocytes
    • Microglia
    • Ependymal cells (in the CNS)
    • Satellite cells (in the PNS)
    • Schwann cells (in the PNS)

    Astrocytes

    • Function:
    • Control the chemical content of the interstitial environment
    • Maintain the blood-brain barrier
    • Isolate the neurons from general circulation
    • Scaffolding – structural framework
    • Repair damaged neurons
    • Guide neurogenesis

    Oligodendrocytes

    • Function:
    • Wrap axons in myelin (insulation)
    • White matter = myelinated axons
    • Grey matter = neuron bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

    Schwann Cells

    • Function:
    • Form a myelin sheath
    • Wrap peripheral axons in myelin

    Anatomy of a Peripheral Nerve

    • Includes:
    • Blood vessels
    • Connective tissue layers
    • Myelinated axons
    • Schwann cells

    Spinal Cord

    • Functions:
    • Conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain
    • Processes some sensory information to allow reflex (motor) actions
    • Gross anatomy:
    • extends from the brain to L1
    • Consists of:
      • Cervical region
      • Thoracic region
      • Lumbar region
      • Sacral region
      • Coccygeal region

    Note: The above summary is based on the provided text and may not cover all aspects of the nervous system.### Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

    • The spinal cord has 31 spinal segments, each consisting of dorsal root, dorsal root ganglia, ventral root, and spinal nerve.
    • There are 8 cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8), 12 thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T12), 5 lumbar spinal nerves (L1-L5), 5 sacral spinal nerves (S1-S5), and 1 coccygeal nerve (Co1).
    • The spinal cord extends from the brain to the level of vertebrae L1-L2.
    • The cervical spinal nerves have an enlargement.
    • The lumbosacral spinal nerves have an enlargement.
    • The conus medullaris is the inferior tip of the spinal cord.
    • The cauda equina is a bundle of spinal nerves below the conus medullaris.

    Spinal Meninges

    • The spinal meninges are three layers of protective tissue: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
    • Dura mater is the tough, outermost layer that stabilizes the spinal cord in the vertebral canal.
    • Arachnoid mater is the middle meningeal layer, separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space.
    • Pia mater is the deepest meningeal layer, firmly bound to the spinal cord tissue, and contains blood vessels.
    • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows within the subarachnoid space.

    Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

    • Gray matter consists of somas (cell bodies) surrounding the central canal, and glial cells.

    • White matter consists of axons, organized into tracts or columns, located outside the gray matter area.

    • The central canal is filled with CSF.

    • Gray matter is organized into sensory nuclei and motor nuclei.

    • The transverse view of the spinal cord shows posterior gray horns, lateral gray horns, anterior gray horns, and gray commissure.

    • The functional organization of the gray matter in the anterior, lateral, and posterior gray horns includes somatic, visceral, and motor nuclei.### Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

    • The spinal cord consists of columns of nerves (funiculi) that convey either sensory tracts (ascending tracts) or motor tracts (descending tracts).

    • There are three funiculi: posterior, anterior, and lateral white columns.

    • Posterior white column (funiculus) conveys sensory information from the legs, hip, trunk, arm, and forearm.

    • Lateral white column (funiculus) conveys motor information to flexors and extensors of the hand, forearm, arm, and shoulder.

    • Anterior white column (funiculus) conveys motor information to anterior muscles of the trunk.

    Peripheral Distribution of Spinal Nerves

    • There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal nerve.
    • Each spinal nerve has a dorsal root (sensory) and a ventral root (motor).
    • Spinal nerves are organized into plexuses: cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
    • Spinal nerves innervate specific areas of the body, including the back, limbs, and visceral organs.

    Reflexes

    • A reflex is an immediate involuntary motor response to a stimulus.
    • A reflex arc is the neural "wiring" of a single reflex, consisting of a sensory receptor, CNS processing, and motor response.
    • The pathway of a reflex arc involves: 1) activation of a sensory receptor, 2) relay of information to the CNS, 3) information processing, 4) activation of a motor neuron, and 5) response by the effector.
    • Spinal reflexes, such as stretch reflexes, occur at the spinal cord level and do not involve the brain.

    Spinal Reflexes

    • A stretch reflex is a type of spinal reflex that involves the stretching of a muscle, activation of a sensory neuron, processing in the spinal cord, and contraction of the muscle.
    • The patellar reflex is a specific example of a stretch reflex controlled by muscle spindles in the quadriceps muscle group.

    Brain Anatomy

    • The brain consists of the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and meninges.
    • The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres, each with several lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal) and gyri and sulci that increase surface area.
    • Hemispheric specialization: the left hemisphere is involved in speech, writing, language, and mathematics, while the right hemisphere is involved in analysis by touch and spatial visualization.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the structure and function of the nervous system, including neural tissue, spinal cord, and central nervous system. It explores the characteristics and components of the nervous system.

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