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Questions and Answers
Which part of the nephron is responsible for filtration?
Which part of the nephron is responsible for filtration?
- Glomerulus (correct)
- Renal tubule
- Medullary pyramid
- Bowman's capsule
What is the primary function of the nephron?
What is the primary function of the nephron?
- Absorb nutrients from food
- Transport oxygen throughout the body
- Regulate blood flow to the heart
- Filter blood and produce urine (correct)
What structure surrounds the glomerulus?
What structure surrounds the glomerulus?
- Renal tubule
- Calyx
- Bowman's capsule (correct)
- Ureter
What is primarily reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?
What is primarily reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?
Which part of the nephron follows after the glomerulus in the filtration process?
Which part of the nephron follows after the glomerulus in the filtration process?
How many nephrons does each kidney contain approximately?
How many nephrons does each kidney contain approximately?
In the nephron, which segment is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of water and electrolytes through passive mechanisms?
In the nephron, which segment is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of water and electrolytes through passive mechanisms?
Which process is NOT primarily involved in the function of the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)?
Which process is NOT primarily involved in the function of the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)?
What is the primary role of Henle's Loop in the nephron?
What is the primary role of Henle's Loop in the nephron?
What is the term for the combined structure of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule?
What is the term for the combined structure of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule?
Which part of the nephron is NOT located in the medullary region of the kidney?
Which part of the nephron is NOT located in the medullary region of the kidney?
Which ions are secreted by the tubular cells during the process of tubular secretion?
Which ions are secreted by the tubular cells during the process of tubular secretion?
The function of the collecting duct primarily involves what process?
The function of the collecting duct primarily involves what process?
What structure forms the afferent arteriole leading to the glomerulus?
What structure forms the afferent arteriole leading to the glomerulus?
What is the significant difference in permeability between the ascending and descending limbs of Loop of Henle?
What is the significant difference in permeability between the ascending and descending limbs of Loop of Henle?
Which of the following substances is actively reabsorbed in the nephron?
Which of the following substances is actively reabsorbed in the nephron?
What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) in the nephron?
What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) in the nephron?
What is the average weight range of an adult human kidney?
What is the average weight range of an adult human kidney?
What distinguishes cortical nephrons from juxta medullary nephrons?
What distinguishes cortical nephrons from juxta medullary nephrons?
What is the role of the efferent arteriole in kidney function?
What is the role of the efferent arteriole in kidney function?
What describes the structure of the loop of Henle?
What describes the structure of the loop of Henle?
The peritubular capillaries surrounding the renal tubule are primarily formed from which vessel?
The peritubular capillaries surrounding the renal tubule are primarily formed from which vessel?
Which structure is primarily responsible for urine concentration within the nephron?
Which structure is primarily responsible for urine concentration within the nephron?
Where do the distal convoluted tubules (DCTs) of multiple nephrons converge?
Where do the distal convoluted tubules (DCTs) of multiple nephrons converge?
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Study Notes
Mechanisms of Reabsorption and Secretion
- Tubular epithelial cells in the nephron utilize active transport for reabsorbing glucose, amino acids, and Na+ from the filtrate.
- Passive transport is used to absorb nitrogenous wastes.
- Water reabsorption occurs passively in initial nephron segments.
- Tubular secretion includes H+, K+, and ammonia, important for maintaining ionic and acid-base balance in body fluids.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
- Lined by simple cuboidal brush border epithelium, increasing surface area for reabsorption.
- Reabsorbs nearly all essential nutrients and 70-80% of electrolytes and water.
- Maintains pH and ionic balance by selectively secreting hydrogen ions and ammonia and absorbing HCO3–.
Loop of Henle
- Ascending limb has minimal reabsorption but maintains high osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid.
- Descending limb is water-permeable but nearly impermeable to electrolytes, concentrating the filtrate.
- Ascending limb is impermeable to water, actively or passively transporting electrolytes, leading to dilution of concentrated filtrate.
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
- Allows conditional reabsorption of Na+ and water.
- Capable of reabsorbing HCO3– and selectively secreting hydrogen ions and potassium ions to maintain blood’s pH and sodium-potassium balance.
Collecting Duct
- Extends from the kidney's cortex into the medulla.
- Capable of significant water reabsorption to produce concentrated urine.
Kidney Structure
- Average dimensions: 10-12 cm (length), 5-7 cm (width), 2-3 cm (thickness), and weighs 120-170 g.
- Hilum: Notch where ureter, blood vessels, and nerves enter the kidney.
- Renal pelvis: Broad funnel-shaped space located inner to the hilum with projections known as calyces.
- Surrounded by a tough outer capsule and divided into two zones: outer cortex and inner medulla.
- Medulla contains conical structures called medullary pyramids.
Nephron Structure
- Each kidney contains approximately one million nephrons, the functional units.
- Nephrons consist of glomerulus (a tuft of capillaries) and renal tubule, which begins with Bowman’s capsule.
- The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule together form the renal corpuscle or Malpighian body.
- The renal tubule includes the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), Henle’s loop, and distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
Nephron Types
- Cortical nephrons: Have short loops of Henle that extend minimally into the medulla.
- Juxta medullary nephrons: Possess long loops of Henle extending deep into the medulla.
Peritubular Capillaries
- Efferent arterioles from glomeruli form a capillary network around the renal tubule, known as peritubular capillaries.
- A vessel from this network runs parallel to Henle’s loop, forming a U-shaped structure called the vasa recta.
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