Neoplasia Overview and Classification

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about benign tumors is true?

They always metastasize to surrounding tissues.

They infiltrate nerve sheaths extensively.

They are commonly encapsulated with defined margins. (correct)

They do not cause compression of surrounding structures.

What is a common characteristic of sarcomas compared to other tumor types?

They often exhibit hematogenous spread. (correct)

They primarily spread through lymphatic vessels.

They are most commonly benign.

They do not compress surrounding tissues.

What type of tumor is most associated with dysplasia as a precursor?

Carcinomas. (correct)

Benign adenomas.

Leukemias.

Sarcomas.

Which age group has the highest frequency of cancer occurrence?

55-75 years. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms best describes the disturbed architecture of epithelium due to chronic stress stimuli?

Dysplasia. Signup and view all the answers

Which tumor type is characterized by pleomorphism and an increased number of mitotic figures?

Malignant tumors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of adenocarcinomas?

They arise from glandular epithelium. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential endocrine function of certain benign tumors?

They secrete active hormone-like substances. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tumors is a malignant mesenchymal tumor?

Liposarcoma Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer is particularly lethal in children?

CNS tumors. Signup and view all the answers

What type of tumor is a nevus classified as?

Benign neuroectodermal tumor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about malignant hematopoietic tumors is true?

They include both lymphoma and leukemia. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of gastric adenocarcinoma?

It accounts for 95% of malignant epithelial gastric tumors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred method of spread for clear cell carcinoma of the kidney?

Hematogenous spread Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tumor is most likely to secrete polypeptide hormones or active amines?

Malignant neuroendocrine tumors Signup and view all the answers

Which tumor is derived from glial cells?

Glioblastoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the survival rate for prostatic carcinoma at stage-1?

95% Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of Cushing's syndrome associated with small cell lung carcinoma?

Increased cortisol secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer type is associated with a 1.8% 5-year survival rate?

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma Signup and view all the answers

What syndrome is linked to pancreatic adenocarcinoma due to hypercoagulability?

Trousseau's Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tumor is primarily associated with increased blood erythropoietin secretion?

Renal cell carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic survival rate range for gallbladder carcinoma and glioblastoma multiforme?

12 weeks to 6 months Signup and view all the answers

Which type of oncogenic virus is linked to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma?

Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of direct-acting carcinogens?

They are already active and directly modify DNA. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neoplasia

Uncontrolled cell proliferation, even without an irritant factor
Caused by regulatory mechanisms failure
Consists of parenchyma (neoplastic cells) and stroma (supporting tissue)
Diagnosed through physical exams, imaging, and biopsies/autopsies
Risk factors are sporadic, familial, or genetic
High risk of malignancy associated with BRCA1/2 and P53

Benign Neoplasia

Well-differentiated cells resembling original tissue
Slow growth, non-aggressive
Well-defined borders, often encapsulated
Non-metastasizing (does not spread)
Can cause compression of surrounding tissues and endocrine dysfunction.

Malignant Neoplasia

Poorly differentiated cells, only slightly resembling original tissue
Fast growth, aggressive
Poorly defined borders, non-encapsulated
Metastasizes (spreads) via lymph, blood, or body cavities
Destructive local infiltration

Metastasis

Spread of malignant cells to distant organs or tissues
Frequently targets organs with high blood flow (liver, lungs) and bone marrow
Can spread to unusual locations, like heart, brain, or other areas

Local Malignant Neoplasia

Non-metastasizing but destructive to local tissue
Example: basal cell carcinoma (common skin cancer)

Dysplasia

Disrupted epithelial architecture due to chronic stress
Reversible if the stress is removed, otherwise can progress to neoplasia
Characterized by abnormal cell shapes, sizes, and loss of tissue orientation
Increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and clumped chromatin

Grading

Categorizes tumors based on differentiation and architecture
Better differentiation tends to have a better prognosis
G1 (well-differentiated) is more resistant to chemotherapy
G4 (anaplastic) is often more aggressive

Staging

Evaluates tumor clinical advancement for appropriate treatment
Indicator for prognosis and treatment efficacy
TNM system to assess tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis

Tumor Nomenclature

Carcinomas: malignant epithelial tumors
Derived from various tissues (e.g., squamous, glandular)
Sarcomas: malignant mesenchymal tumors
Derived from connective tissue elements
Benign tumors named by tissue of origin + "-oma" suffix

Dysplasia Grading

Mild/moderate: reversible, does not involve entire epithelium
Severe: irreversible, involves entire epithelium thickness

Ovarian, Lung, Gastric Neoplasms

Specific types of cancers with varying grades and stages (e.g., ovarian serous, lung squamous, gastric adenocarcinoma)
Diagnosed with various methods (e.g., imaging, biopsies)
Treatment options are specific to each type

Prophylaxis of Cancer

Primary prevention involves modifying lifestyle factors (weight, exercise, no smoking)
Secondary prevention involves early detection through screening tests (Pap smear, mammogram)

Paracancerous Syndromes

Syndrome of clinical symptoms not related to tumor spread
Associated with substance secretion from tumor cells
Commonly linked to lung, breast, leukemia, and lymphoma cancers.

Carcinogens

Agents that cause genetic damage leading to transformation
Can be divided into direct-acting (immediately modify DNA) and indirect-acting (requires metabolic conversion)
Include alkylating agents, tobacco, asbestos, alcohol, aflatoxin, aromatic amines, physical radiation, and certain viruses

Oncogenic Viruses

Viruses linked to cancer development
Can integrate their DNA into the host genome
Including Human T-cell Leukemia Virus (HTLV-1), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Inhibit cell proliferation to prevent uncontrolled growth
Abnormalities lead to cancerous growth
Includes tumor suppressor genes such as p53, RB, BRCA1/2, and APC

Pre-neoplastic Diseases

Diseases that increase cancer risk,
Can be identified through various screening and diagnostics,
include various factors such as inflammation & hormonal imbalances.

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of neoplasia, including the differences between benign and malignant neoplasia. Understand the characteristics, diagnosis methods, and implications of metastatic spread. This quiz will enhance your knowledge about cell proliferation and cancer risk factors.