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What is the term used for a new growth of cells characterized by uncontrolled tissue proliferation?
What is the term used for a new growth of cells characterized by uncontrolled tissue proliferation?
Neoplasm
What is the branch of science that deals with the study of neoplasms or tumors?
What is the branch of science that deals with the study of neoplasms or tumors?
Oncology
What are normal cellular genes whose products promote cell proliferation?
What are normal cellular genes whose products promote cell proliferation?
Proto-oncogenes
What is a protein encoded by an oncogene that drives increased cell proliferation?
What is a protein encoded by an oncogene that drives increased cell proliferation?
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What is a mutated form of a gene called a proto-oncogene that is involved in normal cell growth and division?
What is a mutated form of a gene called a proto-oncogene that is involved in normal cell growth and division?
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What are the two basic components of all tumors, both benign and malignant?
What are the two basic components of all tumors, both benign and malignant?
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What are the two classifications of neoplasms based on their parenchymal components?
What are the two classifications of neoplasms based on their parenchymal components?
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The suffix '-oma' is used to denote malignant tumors.
The suffix '-oma' is used to denote malignant tumors.
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Which of the following are examples of benign epithelial tumors?
Which of the following are examples of benign epithelial tumors?
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Which of the following are examples of malignant mesenchymal tumors?
Which of the following are examples of malignant mesenchymal tumors?
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What is the common term used for all malignant tumors?
What is the common term used for all malignant tumors?
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Which of the following are NOT classified as carcinomas?
Which of the following are NOT classified as carcinomas?
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What is the term for the process of providing nourishment to growing tumors through the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels?
What is the term for the process of providing nourishment to growing tumors through the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels?
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Which of the following are characteristics that can be used to categorize neoplasms into benign and malignant?
Which of the following are characteristics that can be used to categorize neoplasms into benign and malignant?
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What is the term for the variation in size and shape of cells and their nuclei?
What is the term for the variation in size and shape of cells and their nuclei?
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What is the term for the lack of differentiation, a characteristic feature of most malignant tumors?
What is the term for the lack of differentiation, a characteristic feature of most malignant tumors?
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Which of the following are the two systems used to predict tumor behavior and guide therapy after a malignant tumor is detected?
Which of the following are the two systems used to predict tumor behavior and guide therapy after a malignant tumor is detected?
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Grading is defined as the gross and microscopic degree of differentiation of the tumor.
Grading is defined as the gross and microscopic degree of differentiation of the tumor.
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Staging means the same as grading.
Staging means the same as grading.
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Which of the following are important staging systems used to assess the extent of tumor spread?
Which of the following are important staging systems used to assess the extent of tumor spread?
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What does the 'T' in TNM staging stand for?
What does the 'T' in TNM staging stand for?
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What does the 'N' in TNM staging stand for?
What does the 'N' in TNM staging stand for?
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What does the 'M' in TNM staging stand for?
What does the 'M' in TNM staging stand for?
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What is the main principle behind AJC staging?
What is the main principle behind AJC staging?
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Tumors with a high grade are typically present at a higher stage.
Tumors with a high grade are typically present at a higher stage.
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Solid tumors can grow indefinitely without a blood supply.
Solid tumors can grow indefinitely without a blood supply.
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What is the term for the detachment of tumor cells from each other, a step involved in invasion and metastasis?
What is the term for the detachment of tumor cells from each other, a step involved in invasion and metastasis?
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What is the main mechanism by which tumor cells invade the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
What is the main mechanism by which tumor cells invade the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
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What is the term for the spread of tumor cells through blood vessels?
What is the term for the spread of tumor cells through blood vessels?
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Which of the following are the major steps involved in the mechanism of invasion and metastasis?
Which of the following are the major steps involved in the mechanism of invasion and metastasis?
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What is the cell that initiates the process of tumor formation?
What is the cell that initiates the process of tumor formation?
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What are the major hallmarks of malignant tumors that are responsible for cancer-related morbidity and mortality?
What are the major hallmarks of malignant tumors that are responsible for cancer-related morbidity and mortality?
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Study Notes
Neoplasia
- Neoplasia is a critical pathology topic. Neoplasms are common and serious diseases.
- A neoplasm is new growth of cells, marked by uncontrolled tissue proliferation.
- Neoplasia (Neo= new; plasia= growth) means new growth.
- A neoplasm involves abnormal and excessive tissue growth.
- The growth of a cancer is uncoordinated with normal surrounding tissue. This growth continues even after the initial cause is removed.
Oncology
- Oncology is the branch of science studying neoplasms (tumors).
- Proto-oncogenes: normal cellular genes that drive cell proliferation.
- Oncoproteins: proteins produced from oncogenes, they drive increased cell proliferation.
- Oncogenes: mutated forms of proto-oncogenes. Changes cause excessive copies or increased activity, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
Nomenclature
- All tumors (benign or malignant) have two key parts:
- Neoplastic cells: the tumor's core tissue.
- Supportive stroma: fibrous connective tissue and blood vessels, providing structure for the neoplastic cells.
Classifications of Neoplasms
- Benign tumors: slow-growing, localized, and do not spread.
- Malignant tumors: rapidly growing, spread throughout the body, and can cause death.
- Benign tumors are often named with the suffix "-oma".
- Malignant tumors derived from epithelial cells are called carcinomas.
- Malignant tumors derived from mesenchymal cells are called sarcomas.
Examples of Tumors
- Melanoma: carcinoma of the melanocytes.
- Hepatoma: carcinoma of the hepatocytes.
- Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue.
- Seminoma: malignant tumor of the testis.
- Leukemia: cancer of blood-forming cells.
Characteristics of Tumors
- Rate of growth: is a key difference between benign and malignant tumors.
- Cancer phenotype and stem cells: important for distinguishing benign and malignant tumors.
- Clinical and gross features: visible characteristics.
- Microscopic features: characteristics of cell structure seen with microscopic examination.
- Local invasion: direct spread of cancer into neighboring tissue.
- Metastasis: spread of cancer to distant sites.
Differentiation vs Anaplasia
- Differentiation: extent to which tumor cells resemble normal cells.
- Well-differentiated cancer means the tumor cells look similar to the cells from the area they are found.
- Poorly-differentiated cancer means the tumor cells don't look anything like the cells from the area they're found.
- Anaplasia: lack of differentiation, a hallmark of malignant tumors.
Grading of Tumors
- Tumor differentiation degree is a measure of how similar the cells of the tumor are to the cells they came from.
- Grading: microscopic and gross investigation of tumor types and grades.
- Grade I: well-differentiated.
- Grade II: moderately differentiated.
- Grade III: moderately undifferentiated/anaplastic.
- Grade IV: poorly differentiated/undifferentiated/highly anaplastic.
Staging of Tumors
- Staging: determining how far the cancer has spread in the body.
- TNM staging: assessing the primary tumor size (T), regional lymph node involvement (N), and distant metastasis (M).
- AJC staging: A separate staging system to assess the cancers' stage.
Tumor Angiogenesis
- Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels.
- Solid tumors need angiogenesis to get larger than a few millimeters.
- Tumor cells require a blood supply for growth and metastasis.
Mechanisms of Invasion and Metastasis
- Invasion and metastasis are key characteristics of malignant tumors.
- Loss of adherence: detachment of tumor cells from each other.
- Invasion of extracellular matrix (ECM): tumor cells invade surrounding tissue.
- Migration of tumor cells through ECM: cytokines promote migration.
- Vascular dissemination and homing: spread through circulatory system.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of neoplasia and oncology in this quiz. Test your understanding of neoplasms, their characteristics, and the role of oncogenes in cancer development. This quiz covers the critical terminology and processes related to tumor growth and pathology.
