Negotiated Settlement and Unity Government
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Questions and Answers

What significant event took place on 6 August 1990 during the second meeting in Pretoria?

  • A ceasefire was declared between opposing parties.
  • Mandela agreed to suspend the armed struggle. (correct)
  • The ANC formed a coalition with the NP.
  • International sanctions were discussed.

What was a primary outcome of the National Peace Accord signed on 14 September 1991?

  • A pact among 27 political parties to reduce violence. (correct)
  • Immediate elections to decide South Africa's future.
  • A clear definition of the independent homelands.
  • A complete disbandment of all armed groups.

What was the major conflict between the ANC and NP during the CODESA negotiations?

  • The formation of a military government.
  • Whether to adopt a proportional representation system.
  • Different interpretations of democracy and governance. (correct)
  • The method of disbanding armed factions.

During which meeting was it determined that main parties would receive differing mandates on negotiation processes?

<p>CODESA II. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate trigger for the ANC's withdrawal from negotiations following the Boipatong Massacre?

<p>Government rejection of ANC's demands. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ideologies were at odds during the negotiations between ANC and NP concerning the formation of the new constitution?

<p>One person, one vote versus enforced power sharing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which incident illustrated the impact of independent homelands on the negotiations?

<p>The Bisho Massacre. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what significant way did De Klerk's political situation change before CODESA II?

<p>He gained overwhelming support from a whites-only referendum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the difficulty faced by Working Group 2 during CODESA II?

<p>They were unable to agree on the processes for majority rule. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many political parties were involved in the National Peace Accord on 14 September 1991?

<ol start="27"> <li>(C)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What was a fundamental reason for the increase in political violence in South Africa between 1985 and 1991?

<p>Deliberate stalling of negotiations by the NP. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major demand did Mandela present following the Bisho Massacre?

<p>Release of political prisoners. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Boipatong Massacre highlighted the involvement of which organization in political violence?

<p>The IFP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggered the ANC's resumption of negotiations after the Bisho Massacre?

<p>The public outcry over violence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of Operation Vulindlela launched in 1987?

<p>To create a secret communication network for the ANC leaders in exile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concerned the United Democratic Front (UDF) about the secret meetings between Mandela and Botha?

<p>They were worried Mandela would negotiate without a clear mandate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant reform was initiated by F.W. de Klerk following the resignation of Botha?

<p>Release of multiple political prisoners including Walter Sisulu (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Groote Schuur meeting held in May 1990?

<p>Agreements on the release of political prisoners and the return of exiles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Botha take in response to Mandela's resistance to propose negotiations?

<p>Increased Mandela's prison restrictions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fueled tensions during the Sebokeng incident on July 22, 1990?

<p>Busloads of IFP supporters taking over migrant worker hostels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main objectives of the ANC's approach to negotiations with the National Party?

<p>To push for the power-sharing arrangements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Botha’s view on dealing with Mandela change after he suffered from a stroke in January 1989?

<p>He recognized the need for dialogue and agreed to a meeting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the reasoning behind the National Party's proposal for a power-sharing system?

<p>To maintain control over the government without conceding to majority rule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant concern of the ANC regarding the secrecy of Mandela's talks with government officials?

<p>It limited the participation of other ANC leaders in negotiations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the consequences faced by leaders of Operation Vulindlela after its existence was revealed?

<p>They were charged under the Internal Security Act (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tactic did the National Party use to control the narrative during negotiations with the ANC?

<p>Limiting media access to the talks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the ANC perceive the appointment of FW de Klerk as the new leader of the National Party?

<p>As a continuation of conservative policies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the record of understanding signed on 26 September 1992?

<p>It committed the ANC and NP to further multiparty negotiations and a new constitution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of Chris Hani's assassination in 1993?

<p>It escalated political violence, threatening to start a civil war. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Concerned South Africans Group (COSAG) during the negotiations?

<p>To promote federalism and secession of the homelands. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which entity was established during the 1994 elections to ensure a fair process?

<p>The independent electoral commission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major reasons for the increase in political violence prior to the 1994 elections?

<p>Attempts by right-wing groups to stall the negotiation process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the sunset clause agreed upon during the negotiations?

<p>To limit the duration of the power-sharing arrangement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the assassination of Chris Hani, what did Ramaphosa advocate?

<p>Speeding up the negotiation process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome for the National Party (NP) after the 1994 elections?

<p>They became the main opposition party. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which violent incident occurred on 25 July 1993 during the political upheaval?

<p>St James Massacre. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to the breakdown of negotiations in the early 1990s?

<p>The rise of the IFP and its alliances with far-right groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step was taken by Mangope in March 1994 that caused significant unrest in Bophuthatswana?

<p>He refused to let his people participate in the elections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the ANC's approach regarding negotiations in response to the violence following Chris Hani's death?

<p>To intensify diplomatic efforts and seek compromises. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the ANC do to secure a broad coalition cabinet following the 1994 elections?

<p>Incorporated members from the NP and IFP. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the formation of the Freedom Front by the Volksfront leaders?

<p>To participate in the elections after failures of COSAG allies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Witwatersrand Attacks

Attacks on train passengers in September 1990, likely involving government involvement.

Pretoria Minute

A 1990 agreement where Mandela agreed to suspend the armed struggle, causing concern among some activists.

National Peace Accord

A 1991 agreement involving 27 political parties to reduce political violence in South Africa.

CODESA 1

A 1991 meeting where South African leaders negotiated a new constitution, but with differing negotiation styles and objectives of various parties.

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CODESA 2 Failure

Failed negotiation meetings in 1992 surrounding major political disagreements like majority rule vs. power sharing.

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Boipatong Massacre

1992 massacre of civilians by IFP supporters, leading to ANC withdrawal from negotiations.

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Bisho Massacre

1992 violence when ANC members tried to occupy Bisho. Ciskei defense force killed members of the ANC.

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One Person, One Vote

An important principle of South African democracy and the ANC position for majority rule.

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Power Sharing

An approach towards political governance where different groups share leadership roles and authority in a government.

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Constituent Assembly

A body elected to draft a new constitution.

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Third Force

A suspected supporting role by the government in violence to hinder negotiations.

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Umkonto We Sizwe

The armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC).

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De Klerk

President of South Africa during crucial negotiations for the end of apartheid.

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Mandela

Leader of the African National Congress (ANC), who played a crucial role in ending apartheid.

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IFP

Inkatha Freedom Party; South African political party.

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Negotiated settlement 1985

Botha's offer to release Mandela if he rejected violence and called off the armed struggle, met with rejection by Mandela.

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Mandela's transfer to Volks Hospital

Mandela was transferred to Volks Hospital in November 1985, after international pressure.

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Secret talks Mandela-Coetsee

Secret meetings between Mandela and Coetsee, aimed at potential agreements by Mandela and the regime, while Mandela also wanted release of political prisoners and meetings with Botha.

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Operation Vulindlela

A secret program (1987) to establish an underground network linking activists to ANC leaders in exile for better coordination.

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De Klerk's leadership

De Klerk became leader of the NP in 1989, representing a more reformist approach, wanting to change the apartheid system without dismantling white power.

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Botha's resignation

Botha resigned as NP leader in 1989 due to his unwillingness to drive reform.

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Botha-Mandela meeting 1989

Scheduled meeting between Botha and Mandela in July 1989, but kept secret, to negotiate the country's future.

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Groote Schuur Minute

Agreement reached at Groote Schuur in 1990 between government and ANC reps regarding prisoner release, exile returns, and security legislation changes.

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Mandela's release (1990)

Nelson Mandela was released on 11 February 1990, paving the way for negotiations.

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Sebokeng Violence

Violence between ANC and IFP supporters in Sebokeng in 1990, resulting from tensions between the two groups.

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Operation Vulindlela

Secret program to establish an underground network linking South African activists and ANC exiled leaders to improve coordination.

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Memorandum to Botha January 1989

Mandela sent a memorandum outlining his political position and requesting a meeting between the government and ANC for negotiations.

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Mandela's transfer to Victor Verster Prison

Mandela's move to Victor Verster Prison from 1988 onward provided a more comfortable environment for secret negotiations with the regime.

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Record of Understanding (1992)

An agreement between the ANC and NP committing them to multiparty negotiations and the creation of a democratically elected constituent assembly to draft a new constitution.

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Government of National Unity (GNU)

A power-sharing agreement where the ANC and NP shared leadership and authority in the government. This was a crucial concession to ensure a peaceful transition to democracy.

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Sunset Clause

A clause that placed a limited time frame on the power-sharing agreement between the ANC and NP.

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Multi-Party Negotiation Process (MPNP)

A new phase of negotiations involving multiple political parties in South Africa, replacing CODESA to overcome deadlocks.

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Concerned South Africans Group (COSAG)

An alliance formed by the IFP, the Conservative Party, and leaders of the homelands (Ciskei and Bophuthatswana). This alliance sought a federal system of government with potential secession.

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Chris Hani's Assassination (1993)

The assassination of Chris Hani, a leader of the SACP and MK, by Janusz Waluz who was linked to the Conservative Party.

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Afrikaner Volksfront

A militant group formed by right-wing supporters, including those from the AWB. They sought to protect Afrikaner interests and resisted the democratic transition.

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Bophuthatswana's Revolt (1994)

Civil servants in Bophuthatswana went on strike when Mangope refused to allow participation in the elections. Mangope called on the Afrikaner Volksfront for help, which led to a conflict with the Bophuthatswana army.

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Ciskei's Transition

Civil servants in Ciskei went on strike in March 1994, leading to the resignation of Oupa Gqozo and the appointment of temporary administrators.

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Freedom Front (formed 1994)

A new political party formed by leaders of the Afrikaner Volksfront, who decided to participate in the 1994 elections.

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1994 South African Elections

South Africa's first fully democratic elections, with 19 political parties competing for 22 million votes. The ANC-SACP-COSATU alliance won, forming the GNU.

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GNU and Its Role (1994-1996)

The Government of National Unity (GNU) was formed by the ANC and NP, with Nelson Mandela as President and Thabo Mbeki and FW De Klerk as deputies. It drafted South Africa's new constitution, adopted in 1996.

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NP's Withdrawal from GNU (1996)

The National Party (NP) withdrew from the GNU in 1996 after the final constitution was adopted, as they disliked the decision to move away from power-sharing towards majority rule.

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Legacy of the 1994 Elections

The successful transition to democracy through the 1994 elections paved the way for a new South Africa with a commitment to equality, justice, and reconciliation, despite challenges and tensions along the way.

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Study Notes

Negotiated Settlement and National Unity Government

  • 1985 Offer: Botha offered Mandela's release if he rejected violence and the armed struggle; Mandela rejected the offer.
  • ANC Leadership: Mandela and other ANC leaders were relocated due to international pressure, first to a hospital then to Pollsmoor Prison.
  • Coetsee Meetings: The Minister of Justice, Police and Prisons, Hendrik Coetsee, met with Mandela to discuss secret talks.
  • Mandela's Goals: Mandela desired meetings with Botha and the release of other political prisoners.
  • Secret Talks: Continuous secret talks between Mandela and Coetsee occurred in Cape Town or at Pollmore.
  • Botha's Concerns: Botha feared losing conservative support, so meetings were held in secret.
  • 1989 Meeting: Mandela and Botha met in 1989, though there were disagreements on many issues.

Operation Vulindlela (1987)

  • ANC Infiltration: The ANC initiated a secret program to coordinate leaders within South Africa.

De Klerk Replaces Botha (1989)

  • Reformist Leaders: Younger, more reformist leaders influenced the National Party (NP).
  • Afrikanerdom Disagreements: The party and groups within it were not unified.

Groote Schuur Minute (1990)

  • Meeting: Government and ANC representatives met in Cape Town.
  • Agreements: Agreement was made to release political prisoners, return exiles, and reform security legislation.

Incidents of Political Violence

  • Sebokeng (1990): Violence erupted between ANC and IFP supporters.
  • Witwatersrand (1990): Violence and attacks.

CODESA 1 (1991)

  • Negotiations Begin: All interested parties met to negotiate the future of South Africa.

CODESA II (1992)

  • Failure: Negotiation process failed due to differing ideas on power sharing.

The Boipatong Massacre (1992)

  • Violence: IFP supporters killed people (including children), triggering a political crisis.

The Bisho Massacre (1992)

  • Violence: IFP supporters attacked ANC.

Dealing with Crisis (1992) - Secret Meetings

  • Negotiation Resume: Renewed talks between Ramaphosa and Meyer addressed issues.
  • Understanding Document: Signed document set the stage for successful multiparty talks.

Multi-Party Negotiation Process (1993)

  • Structure: Restructured negotiations to avoid deadlock.
  • Agreements: Major parties generally agreed.

The 1994 Elections

  • Election: First democratic elections were held and included participation to varying degrees of all groups.
  • Result: AANC-led government was elected into power.

Other Attempts to Stall Negotiation (1993–1994)

  • Violence: Extreme right-wing groups and other opposition groups used violence.

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Description

Explore the significant events surrounding the negotiated settlement and formation of the National Unity Government in South Africa. This quiz covers key moments such as Mandela's negotiation efforts, secret talks with Botha, and the impact of the ANC's infiltration strategies. Test your knowledge on this crucial period in South African history.

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