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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of alveoli?

  • To produce surfactant
  • To deliver nutrients to lung tissue
  • To facilitate gas exchange (correct)
  • To remove clots and debris from the circulation

    • Which type of alveolar cells produce surfactant in the lungs?

  • Alveolar Ducts
  • Type 2 alveolar cells (correct)
  • Alveolar macrophages
  • Type 1 alveolar cells

    • What is the role of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?

  • Producing oxygen
  • Delivering nutrients to lung tissue
  • Preventing lung collapse
  • Ingesting foreign material and removing it through the lymphatic system (correct)

    • What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?

    <p>Keeping alveoli open and free of fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pulmonary circulation differ from systemic circulation?

    <p>Pulmonary circulation uses high pressure while systemic circulation uses low pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the pulmonary circulation begin?

    <p>In the pulmonary artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus?

    <p>Depleted plasma volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released to retain volume in response to depleted plasma volume?

    <p>ADH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of angiotensin II in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

    <p>Stimulates aldosterone secretion and vasoconstriction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of aldosterone in the body?

    <p>Stimulates reabsorption of sodium and water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes symptoms like convulsions and hypotension in hypernatremia?

    <p>Water loss or sodium gain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for calcium levels in the blood?

    <p>$8.6-10.5$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of potassium in the body?

    <p>Regulates nerve impulses and muscle contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hypokalemia?

    <p>Increased excretion and hyperaldosteronism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hypocalcemia lead to in terms of neuromuscular excitability?

    <p>$Decrease$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metabolic acidosis is characterized by:

    <p>$Low pH and low bicarbonate levels$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protective mechanism against UTIs includes acidic and high osmolality of urea?

    <p>Acidic and high osmolality of urea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common pathogen responsible for Uncomplicated Cystitis?

    <p>E.coli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom of interstitial cystitis?

    <p>Chronic pelvic pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition affects one or both upper urinary tracts, including the renal pelvis and interstitium?

    <p>Pyelonephritis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic symptom of acute pyelonephritis in older adults?

    <p>Low grade fever and malaise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In glomerulonephritis, what leads to hematuria with RBC casts and proteinuria?

    <p>Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is stimulated by hyperosmolality and dry mouth to cause thirst sensation?

    <p>Osmolality receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major function of angiotensin II in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

    <p>Stimulating the secretion of aldosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the manifestation of severe hypokalemia?

    <p>Muscle weakness and loss of muscle tone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aldosterone in potassium regulation?

    <p>Pulling potassium into cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?

    <p>Decreases plasma calcium levels by inhibiting absorption in gut and kidney (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism behind the manifestation of hypophosphatemia?

    <p>Diminished release of oxygen due to low phosphate levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of surfactant in the alveoli?

    <p>Keeps alveoli open and free of fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition does chloride play an important role as an extracellular ion?

    <p>Following sodium and showing inverse relationship to bicarbonate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the alveoli provide the alveolar structure?

    <p>Type 1 alveolar cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of pulmonary circulation in the body?

    <p>To deliver nutrients to lung tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which circulation system serves the bronchi and other lung structures?

    <p>Systemic circulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure difference between pulmonary and systemic circulations?

    <p>$18$ mmHg vs. $90$ mmHg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?

    <p>Ingest foreign material (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between cystitis and pyelonephritis?

    <p>The location of inflammation in the urinary tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor distinguishes interstitial cystitis from other forms of cystitis?

    <p>Presence of autoimmune reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common protective mechanism against urinary tract infections according to the text?

    <p>Tamm-Horsfall protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In acute pyelonephritis, what is the two-step process that leads to inflammatory response?

    <p>Release of mediators and increased permeability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic symptom of chronic pyelonephritis?

    <p>Progressive renal failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathophysiological process in glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Deposition of immune complexes in the glomerulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of alveoli in the respiratory system?

    <p>Facilitate gas exchange by adding O2 and removing CO2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the alveoli prevent lung collapse by producing surfactant?

    <p>Type 2 alveolar cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the pulmonary circulation system?

    <p>Facilitate gas exchange in the alveolar capillaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pressure in the pulmonary circulation compare to the systemic circulation?

    <p>Systemic circulation is higher pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?

    <p>Prevent lung collapse by decreasing surface tension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which circulation system serves the bronchi and other lung structures?

    <p>Systemic circulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of angiotensin II in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

    <p>Stimulates the secretion of aldosterone for sodium and water reabsorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aldosterone in potassium regulation?

    <p>Increases potassium uptake by cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main manifestation of severe hypernatremia?

    <p>Convulsions and hypotension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do baroreceptors play in the body?

    <p>Influence renal vasculature perfusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hyperchloremia indicate?

    <p>High chloride levels in the blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can cause hypokalemia?

    <p>Increased intake of potassium-rich foods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of severe hypomagnesemia?

    <p>'Flaccid' muscle tone and cardiac arrest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Isotonic alterations' refer to changes in total body water along with proportional electrolyte change without a change in concentration. Which of the following is an example of isotonic volume excess?

    <p>Hypervolemia caused by excess diaphoresis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic manifestation of respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Restlessness and convulsions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does renin play in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

    <p>Increases perfusion in renal vasculature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protective mechanism against urinary tract infections is described as having the ability to evade the host's defense mechanism?

    <p>Tamm-Horsfall protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cystitis, the ureterovesical junction closes to prevent what?

    <p>Reflux (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phagocytosis of bacteria in urine is maximized at what pH range?

    <p>6.5-7.5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common pathogen responsible for pyelonephritis, especially in older adults?

    <p>Proteus mirabilis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic pyelonephritis can lead to scarring in the kidneys due to recurrent episodes of what?

    <p>Acute inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In glomerulonephritis, what is the primary cause of hematuria with RBC casts and proteinuria?

    <p>Formation of immune complexes in circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most characteristic symptom of interstitial cystitis?

    <p>Chronic pelvic pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

    <p>Facilitating gas exchange with the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the alveoli provide the alveolar structure?

    <p>Type 1 alveolar cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of pulmonary circulation in the body?

    <p>Facilitating gas exchange in the alveolar capillaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes interstitial cystitis from other forms of cystitis?

    <p>Inflammatory response in renal pelvis and interstitium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic symptom of acute pyelonephritis in older adults?

    <p>Malaise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure difference between pulmonary and systemic circulations?

    <p>-18mmHg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hematuria with RBC casts and proteinuria in glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protective mechanism against urinary tract infections involves Tamm-Horsfall protein?

    <p>Mucus-secreting glands in women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Lewis blood group in susceptibility to bladder inflammation?

    <p>Higher risk due to genetic factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In interstitial cystitis, what autoimmune reaction leads to an inflammatory response?

    <p>Mast cell activation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ureterovesical junction in preventing urinary tract infections?

    <p>Closing to prevent reflux (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in response to decreased plasma volume?

    <p>Activates the release of aldosterone to retain fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypomagnesemia, what is a common manifestation of neuromuscular irritability?

    <p>Convulsions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of angiotensin II in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

    <p>Stimulates the secretion of aldosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of severe hypernatremia?

    <p>Convulsions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypocalcemia, what can manifest as a symptom due to decreased neuromuscular excitability?

    <p>Heart block (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of aldosterone in the body's potassium regulation?

    <p>Promotes sodium reabsorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic manifestation of metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Muscle twitching (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of hyperphosphatemia associated with low calcium levels?

    <p>Bicarbonate deficit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of phosphate in the human body?

    <p>Regulates ICF osmolality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does isotonic volume excess manifest in the body?

    <p>No change in concentration but increase in total body water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of surfactant in the alveoli?

    <p>Prevents lung collapse by decreasing surface tension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the alveoli ingest foreign material and remove it through the lymphatic system?

    <p>Alveolar macrophages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the pulmonary circulation have a lower pressure compared to the systemic circulation?

    <p>To facilitate gas exchange efficiently (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bronchial circulation in the lungs?

    <p>Supplies blood to trachea and bronchial tree (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of alveolar epithelial cells in the respiratory system?

    <p>Facilitate gas exchange by providing alveolar structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does surfactant in the alveoli contribute to airflow during respiration?

    <p>Decreases surface tension to prevent lung collapse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of angiotensin II in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

    <p>Causes release of aldosterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of pulmonary circulation in the body?

    <p>Assisting in oxygenation of blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with manifestations such as neuromuscular irritability, tetany, and convulsions?

    <p>Hypomagnesemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hypernatremia lead to as a manifestation?

    <p>Convulsions and hypotension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of potassium in the body?

    <p>Promotes muscle contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aldosterone in the body?

    <p>Promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance converts angiotensin I to its active form, angiotensin II?

    <p>ACE in pulmonary vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major intracellular cation responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contractions?

    <p>Potassium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of renin in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

    <p>Stimulates aldosterone release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypernatremia, what manifestations are commonly associated with this condition?

    <p>Convulsions, pulmonary edema, hypotension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a protective mechanism against urinary tract infections described in the text?

    <p>Bactericidal secretions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common pathogen responsible for uncomplicated cystitis?

    <p>E. coli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is characteristic of interstitial cystitis?

    <p>Bladder fullness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hematuria with RBC casts in glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Proteinuria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from persistent or recurring episodes of acute pyelonephritis?

    <p>Renal failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the two-step process that leads to inflammatory response in acute pyelonephritis?

    <p>Mediators increase permeability and cause WBC infiltration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is common in older adults with pyelonephritis?

    <p>Low grade fever and malaise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of immune complexes formed in glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Activate complement system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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