109 Questions
What is the primary function of alveoli?
To facilitate gas exchange
Which type of alveolar cells produce surfactant in the lungs?
Type 2 alveolar cells
What is the role of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?
Ingesting foreign material and removing it through the lymphatic system
What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?
Keeping alveoli open and free of fluid
How does the pulmonary circulation differ from systemic circulation?
Pulmonary circulation uses high pressure while systemic circulation uses low pressure
Where does the pulmonary circulation begin?
In the pulmonary artery
What stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus?
Depleted plasma volume
Which hormone is released to retain volume in response to depleted plasma volume?
ADH
What is the function of angiotensin II in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?
Stimulates aldosterone secretion and vasoconstriction
What is the main function of aldosterone in the body?
Stimulates reabsorption of sodium and water
What causes symptoms like convulsions and hypotension in hypernatremia?
Water loss or sodium gain
What is the normal range for calcium levels in the blood?
$8.6-10.5$
What is the main function of potassium in the body?
Regulates nerve impulses and muscle contraction
What causes hypokalemia?
Increased excretion and hyperaldosteronism
What does hypocalcemia lead to in terms of neuromuscular excitability?
$Decrease$
Metabolic acidosis is characterized by:
$Low pH and low bicarbonate levels$
Which protective mechanism against UTIs includes acidic and high osmolality of urea?
Acidic and high osmolality of urea
What is a common pathogen responsible for Uncomplicated Cystitis?
E.coli
What is the main symptom of interstitial cystitis?
Chronic pelvic pain
Which condition affects one or both upper urinary tracts, including the renal pelvis and interstitium?
Pyelonephritis
What is the characteristic symptom of acute pyelonephritis in older adults?
Low grade fever and malaise
In glomerulonephritis, what leads to hematuria with RBC casts and proteinuria?
Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane
Which receptor is stimulated by hyperosmolality and dry mouth to cause thirst sensation?
Osmolality receptors
What is the major function of angiotensin II in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?
Stimulating the secretion of aldosterone
What is the manifestation of severe hypokalemia?
Muscle weakness and loss of muscle tone
What is the primary function of aldosterone in potassium regulation?
Pulling potassium into cells
What is the primary role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?
Decreases plasma calcium levels by inhibiting absorption in gut and kidney
What is the mechanism behind the manifestation of hypophosphatemia?
Diminished release of oxygen due to low phosphate levels
What is the primary function of surfactant in the alveoli?
Keeps alveoli open and free of fluid
In which condition does chloride play an important role as an extracellular ion?
Following sodium and showing inverse relationship to bicarbonate
Which cells in the alveoli provide the alveolar structure?
Type 1 alveolar cells
What is the main role of pulmonary circulation in the body?
To deliver nutrients to lung tissue
Which circulation system serves the bronchi and other lung structures?
Systemic circulation
What is the pressure difference between pulmonary and systemic circulations?
$18$ mmHg vs. $90$ mmHg
What is the function of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?
Ingest foreign material
What is the primary difference between cystitis and pyelonephritis?
The location of inflammation in the urinary tract
Which factor distinguishes interstitial cystitis from other forms of cystitis?
Presence of autoimmune reaction
What is a common protective mechanism against urinary tract infections according to the text?
Tamm-Horsfall protein
In acute pyelonephritis, what is the two-step process that leads to inflammatory response?
Release of mediators and increased permeability
What is the main characteristic symptom of chronic pyelonephritis?
Progressive renal failure
What is the primary pathophysiological process in glomerulonephritis?
Deposition of immune complexes in the glomerulus
What is the primary function of alveoli in the respiratory system?
Facilitate gas exchange by adding O2 and removing CO2
Which cells in the alveoli prevent lung collapse by producing surfactant?
Type 2 alveolar cells
What is the primary role of the pulmonary circulation system?
Facilitate gas exchange in the alveolar capillaries
How does the pressure in the pulmonary circulation compare to the systemic circulation?
Systemic circulation is higher pressure
What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?
Prevent lung collapse by decreasing surface tension
Which circulation system serves the bronchi and other lung structures?
Systemic circulation
What is the primary role of angiotensin II in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?
Stimulates the secretion of aldosterone for sodium and water reabsorption
What is the primary function of aldosterone in potassium regulation?
Increases potassium uptake by cells
What is the main manifestation of severe hypernatremia?
Convulsions and hypotension
What role do baroreceptors play in the body?
Influence renal vasculature perfusion
What does hyperchloremia indicate?
High chloride levels in the blood
Which condition can cause hypokalemia?
Increased intake of potassium-rich foods
What is a common manifestation of severe hypomagnesemia?
'Flaccid' muscle tone and cardiac arrest
'Isotonic alterations' refer to changes in total body water along with proportional electrolyte change without a change in concentration. Which of the following is an example of isotonic volume excess?
Hypervolemia caused by excess diaphoresis
What is a characteristic manifestation of respiratory acidosis?
Restlessness and convulsions
What role does renin play in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?
Increases perfusion in renal vasculature
Which protective mechanism against urinary tract infections is described as having the ability to evade the host's defense mechanism?
Tamm-Horsfall protein
In cystitis, the ureterovesical junction closes to prevent what?
Reflux
Phagocytosis of bacteria in urine is maximized at what pH range?
6.5-7.5
What is a common pathogen responsible for pyelonephritis, especially in older adults?
Proteus mirabilis
Chronic pyelonephritis can lead to scarring in the kidneys due to recurrent episodes of what?
Acute inflammation
In glomerulonephritis, what is the primary cause of hematuria with RBC casts and proteinuria?
Formation of immune complexes in circulation
What is the most characteristic symptom of interstitial cystitis?
Chronic pelvic pain
What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?
Facilitating gas exchange with the blood
Which cells in the alveoli provide the alveolar structure?
Type 1 alveolar cells
What is the main role of pulmonary circulation in the body?
Facilitating gas exchange in the alveolar capillaries
What distinguishes interstitial cystitis from other forms of cystitis?
Inflammatory response in renal pelvis and interstitium
What is the characteristic symptom of acute pyelonephritis in older adults?
Malaise
What is the pressure difference between pulmonary and systemic circulations?
-18mmHg
What is the primary cause of hematuria with RBC casts and proteinuria in glomerulonephritis?
Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane
Which protective mechanism against urinary tract infections involves Tamm-Horsfall protein?
Mucus-secreting glands in women
What is the role of Lewis blood group in susceptibility to bladder inflammation?
Higher risk due to genetic factors
In interstitial cystitis, what autoimmune reaction leads to an inflammatory response?
Mast cell activation
What is the primary function of the ureterovesical junction in preventing urinary tract infections?
Closing to prevent reflux
What is the main function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in response to decreased plasma volume?
Activates the release of aldosterone to retain fluid
In hypomagnesemia, what is a common manifestation of neuromuscular irritability?
Convulsions
What is the primary function of angiotensin II in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?
Stimulates the secretion of aldosterone
What is a common manifestation of severe hypernatremia?
Convulsions
In hypocalcemia, what can manifest as a symptom due to decreased neuromuscular excitability?
Heart block
What is the primary role of aldosterone in the body's potassium regulation?
Promotes sodium reabsorption
What is a characteristic manifestation of metabolic acidosis?
Muscle twitching
What is a common cause of hyperphosphatemia associated with low calcium levels?
Bicarbonate deficit
What is the primary function of phosphate in the human body?
Regulates ICF osmolality
How does isotonic volume excess manifest in the body?
No change in concentration but increase in total body water
What is the primary role of surfactant in the alveoli?
Prevents lung collapse by decreasing surface tension
Which cells in the alveoli ingest foreign material and remove it through the lymphatic system?
Alveolar macrophages
Why does the pulmonary circulation have a lower pressure compared to the systemic circulation?
To facilitate gas exchange efficiently
What is the function of bronchial circulation in the lungs?
Supplies blood to trachea and bronchial tree
What is the primary purpose of alveolar epithelial cells in the respiratory system?
Facilitate gas exchange by providing alveolar structure
How does surfactant in the alveoli contribute to airflow during respiration?
Decreases surface tension to prevent lung collapse
What is the primary function of angiotensin II in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?
Causes release of aldosterone
What is the main role of pulmonary circulation in the body?
Assisting in oxygenation of blood
Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with manifestations such as neuromuscular irritability, tetany, and convulsions?
Hypomagnesemia
What does hypernatremia lead to as a manifestation?
Convulsions and hypotension
What is the primary function of potassium in the body?
Promotes muscle contraction
What is the primary function of aldosterone in the body?
Promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys
Which substance converts angiotensin I to its active form, angiotensin II?
ACE in pulmonary vessels
What is the major intracellular cation responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contractions?
Potassium
What is the primary function of renin in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?
Stimulates aldosterone release
In hypernatremia, what manifestations are commonly associated with this condition?
Convulsions, pulmonary edema, hypotension
Which of the following is a protective mechanism against urinary tract infections described in the text?
Bactericidal secretions
What is the most common pathogen responsible for uncomplicated cystitis?
E. coli
Which symptom is characteristic of interstitial cystitis?
Bladder fullness
What is the primary cause of hematuria with RBC casts in glomerulonephritis?
Proteinuria
Which condition results from persistent or recurring episodes of acute pyelonephritis?
Renal failure
What is the two-step process that leads to inflammatory response in acute pyelonephritis?
Mediators increase permeability and cause WBC infiltration
Which symptom is common in older adults with pyelonephritis?
Low grade fever and malaise
What is the function of immune complexes formed in glomerulonephritis?
Activate complement system
Explore the negative feedback loop in thirst perception involving osmolality receptors, baroreceptors, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, and sympathetic nerve stimulation. Understand how various signals regulate water intake and blood volume to maintain homeostasis.
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