exam three full SG

What is the primary function of alveoli?

Which type of alveolar cells produce surfactant in the lungs?

What is the role of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?

What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?

How does the pulmonary circulation differ from systemic circulation?

Where does the pulmonary circulation begin?

What stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus?

Which hormone is released to retain volume in response to depleted plasma volume?

What is the function of angiotensin II in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

What is the main function of aldosterone in the body?

What causes symptoms like convulsions and hypotension in hypernatremia?

What is the normal range for calcium levels in the blood?

What is the main function of potassium in the body?

What causes hypokalemia?

What does hypocalcemia lead to in terms of neuromuscular excitability?

Metabolic acidosis is characterized by:

Which protective mechanism against UTIs includes acidic and high osmolality of urea?

What is a common pathogen responsible for Uncomplicated Cystitis?

What is the main symptom of interstitial cystitis?

Which condition affects one or both upper urinary tracts, including the renal pelvis and interstitium?

What is the characteristic symptom of acute pyelonephritis in older adults?

In glomerulonephritis, what leads to hematuria with RBC casts and proteinuria?

Which receptor is stimulated by hyperosmolality and dry mouth to cause thirst sensation?

What is the major function of angiotensin II in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

What is the manifestation of severe hypokalemia?

What is the primary function of aldosterone in potassium regulation?

What is the primary role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?

What is the mechanism behind the manifestation of hypophosphatemia?

What is the primary function of surfactant in the alveoli?

In which condition does chloride play an important role as an extracellular ion?

Which cells in the alveoli provide the alveolar structure?

What is the main role of pulmonary circulation in the body?

Which circulation system serves the bronchi and other lung structures?

What is the pressure difference between pulmonary and systemic circulations?

What is the function of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?

What is the primary difference between cystitis and pyelonephritis?

Which factor distinguishes interstitial cystitis from other forms of cystitis?

What is a common protective mechanism against urinary tract infections according to the text?

In acute pyelonephritis, what is the two-step process that leads to inflammatory response?

What is the main characteristic symptom of chronic pyelonephritis?

What is the primary pathophysiological process in glomerulonephritis?

What is the primary function of alveoli in the respiratory system?

Which cells in the alveoli prevent lung collapse by producing surfactant?

What is the primary role of the pulmonary circulation system?

How does the pressure in the pulmonary circulation compare to the systemic circulation?

What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?

Which circulation system serves the bronchi and other lung structures?

What is the primary role of angiotensin II in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

What is the primary function of aldosterone in potassium regulation?

What is the main manifestation of severe hypernatremia?

What role do baroreceptors play in the body?

What does hyperchloremia indicate?

Which condition can cause hypokalemia?

What is a common manifestation of severe hypomagnesemia?

'Isotonic alterations' refer to changes in total body water along with proportional electrolyte change without a change in concentration. Which of the following is an example of isotonic volume excess?

What is a characteristic manifestation of respiratory acidosis?

What role does renin play in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

Which protective mechanism against urinary tract infections is described as having the ability to evade the host's defense mechanism?

In cystitis, the ureterovesical junction closes to prevent what?

Phagocytosis of bacteria in urine is maximized at what pH range?

What is a common pathogen responsible for pyelonephritis, especially in older adults?

Chronic pyelonephritis can lead to scarring in the kidneys due to recurrent episodes of what?

In glomerulonephritis, what is the primary cause of hematuria with RBC casts and proteinuria?

What is the most characteristic symptom of interstitial cystitis?

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

Which cells in the alveoli provide the alveolar structure?

What is the main role of pulmonary circulation in the body?

What distinguishes interstitial cystitis from other forms of cystitis?

What is the characteristic symptom of acute pyelonephritis in older adults?

What is the pressure difference between pulmonary and systemic circulations?

What is the primary cause of hematuria with RBC casts and proteinuria in glomerulonephritis?

Which protective mechanism against urinary tract infections involves Tamm-Horsfall protein?

What is the role of Lewis blood group in susceptibility to bladder inflammation?

In interstitial cystitis, what autoimmune reaction leads to an inflammatory response?

What is the primary function of the ureterovesical junction in preventing urinary tract infections?

What is the main function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in response to decreased plasma volume?

In hypomagnesemia, what is a common manifestation of neuromuscular irritability?

What is the primary function of angiotensin II in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

What is a common manifestation of severe hypernatremia?

In hypocalcemia, what can manifest as a symptom due to decreased neuromuscular excitability?

What is the primary role of aldosterone in the body's potassium regulation?

What is a characteristic manifestation of metabolic acidosis?

What is a common cause of hyperphosphatemia associated with low calcium levels?

What is the primary function of phosphate in the human body?

How does isotonic volume excess manifest in the body?

What is the primary role of surfactant in the alveoli?

Which cells in the alveoli ingest foreign material and remove it through the lymphatic system?

Why does the pulmonary circulation have a lower pressure compared to the systemic circulation?

What is the function of bronchial circulation in the lungs?

What is the primary purpose of alveolar epithelial cells in the respiratory system?

How does surfactant in the alveoli contribute to airflow during respiration?

What is the primary function of angiotensin II in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

What is the main role of pulmonary circulation in the body?

Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with manifestations such as neuromuscular irritability, tetany, and convulsions?

What does hypernatremia lead to as a manifestation?

What is the primary function of potassium in the body?

What is the primary function of aldosterone in the body?

Which substance converts angiotensin I to its active form, angiotensin II?

What is the major intracellular cation responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contractions?

What is the primary function of renin in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

In hypernatremia, what manifestations are commonly associated with this condition?

Which of the following is a protective mechanism against urinary tract infections described in the text?

What is the most common pathogen responsible for uncomplicated cystitis?

Which symptom is characteristic of interstitial cystitis?

What is the primary cause of hematuria with RBC casts in glomerulonephritis?

Which condition results from persistent or recurring episodes of acute pyelonephritis?

What is the two-step process that leads to inflammatory response in acute pyelonephritis?

Which symptom is common in older adults with pyelonephritis?

What is the function of immune complexes formed in glomerulonephritis?