Neanderthal DNA and Extinction Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What contributed to the growth of social sciences during the 19th century?

  • The scarcity of academic and scholarly resources
  • The lack of public interest in the advanced study of our past
  • The decline of interest in studying humanity
  • The Enlightenment fostering philosophical objectivity among scholars (correct)

    • Who were notable early thinkers who dabbled in the social sciences?

  • Plato and Aristotle (correct)
  • Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein
  • Marie Curie and Charles Darwin
  • Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler

    • What was the public's interest in the advanced study of ourselves and our past a couple hundred years ago?

  • Very little interest (correct)
  • Extreme curiosity
  • Moderate interest
  • Tremendous interest

    • What effect did the 19th century have on the popularity of studying humanity in both its past and current states?

    <p>It became far more popular among academics and scholars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purview of the social sciences a couple hundred years ago?

    <p>A select few - if anyone at all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who fostered the growth of philosophical objectivity among scholars and the study of the natural world?

    <p>The Enlightenment of the 18th century and early 19th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the father of modern objective historical scholarship?

    <p>Leopold von Ranke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which discipline was pioneered by Auguste Comte for studying current society and possibly predicting future society?

    <p>Sociology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with classifying early human technology and industry into Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age?

    <p>Christian Thomsen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What spurred interest in ancient human society, particularly in ancient Egypt, during the 19th century?

    <p>The evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which German historian emphasized the heavy use of primary sources and is still considered the father of modern objective historical scholarship?

    <p>Leopold von Ranke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of mankind's origins, development, and beliefs called?

    <p>Anthropology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Neanderthal DNA is found in the genomes of all human beings with ancestry outside of Africa?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the Homo sapiens species begin radiating out of their African homeland to populate six of Earth's seven continents?

    <p>50,000 years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely reason for the extinction of Neanderthals?

    <p>Competition with humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the survival of hunter-gatherer societies before the Agricultural Revolution?

    <p>Development of social structures and hierarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguished Homo erectus from Homo sapiens based on the text?

    <p>Smaller brain size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What made Homo sapiens the most influential of the Homo species during the Paleolithic Era?

    <p>Superior intelligence and organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the taxonomic family to which humans belong?

    <p>Hominidae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early hominid had a cranial capacity of about 380 cm^3 and is known as the oldest human ancestor to have diverged from the line that produced chimps and bonobos?

    <p>Sahelanthropus tchadensis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hominid species was the first known to create and use stone tools?

    <p>Homo habilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species walked in a way very similar to that of modern humans and was the first to travel out and colonize vast regions in both Europe and Asia?

    <p>Homo erectus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common misconception about human evolution regarding Neanderthals?

    <p>Humans directly evolved from Neanderthals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is considered an intermediary stage between Homo erectus and modern humans, lived between 600,000 and 200,000 years ago, and moved out of Africa into Europe?

    <p>Homo heidelbergensis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of eating in a common space in early human hunter-gatherer societies?

    <p>It led to the development of unique cultural traditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the early humans bury individuals with, according to archaeological evidence?

    <p>Items for use in the afterlife</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the process of knapping help early human hunter-gatherers create?

    <p>Knives, arrowheads, and spear points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for creating a cave painting, based on the text?

    <p>Ability to use easily found materials such as charcoal and ochre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cave was initially proclaimed a hoax before being recognized as genuine cave paintings from the Paleolithic Era?

    <p>Altamira in Spain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the cave paintings at Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc in France?

    <p>They show multiple animals overlapping in a way that suggests three-dimensionality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cave art according to the text?

    <p>To serve a social function and increase tribe cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was notable in the portrayal of animals in the Lascaux cave paintings?

    <p>Emphasis on the most characteristic features of each animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current status of the actual Lascaux cave?

    <p>Closed to public due to damage from visitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'interglaciation' mean in the context of an ice age?

    <p>Time when the Earth is warmer and glaciers recede</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During periods of glaciation, why does the world become drier despite frozen water everywhere?

    <p>Lack of precipitation due to ice formations trapping water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animals are mentioned to have existed alongside humans during the Ice Age?

    <p>Mammoths and saber-toothed tigers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did most humans live before the ice began to thaw around 10,000 years ago?

    <p>Southern Hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did colder periods during an ice age have on plants?

    <p>Difficulty in survival due to lack of available water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Humans were able to survive the Ice Age due' to:

    <p>Adaptation to colder temperatures and reliance on mammals for survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'What roles did these images play in the lives of early humans?'

    <p>'It has not been determined what roles these images played'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Growth of Social Sciences in the 19th Century

    • The 19th century saw a rise in social sciences due to intellectual movements emphasizing empiricism, observation, and systematic analysis of society.
    • Notable thinkers included Karl Marx, who analyzed economic systems and class struggles, and Émile Durkheim, who studied social cohesion and collective consciousness.
    • Public interest grew as society became more complex and industrialized, prompting questions about human behavior, culture, and historical progress.

    Influence of the 19th Century

    • Increased popularity of studying humanity’s past and present, focusing on sociology, anthropology, and history influenced by scientific methodologies.
    • Early social sciences included history, anthropology, and sociology, with a focus on understanding human society and social structures.

    Philosophical Objectivity and Historical Scholarship

    • Philosophical objectivity was promoted by scholars like Auguste Comte, who encouraged studying society in a systematic, scientific manner.
    • Heinrich von Ranke is regarded as the father of modern objective historical scholarship through his emphasis on archival research and primary sources.

    Innovations in Social Sciences

    • Auguste Comte created sociology, a new discipline aimed at analyzing and predicting societal trends.
    • The classification of human technological stages into the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age is attributed to archaeologist John Lubbock.

    Interest in Ancient Societies

    • The resurgence of interest in ancient civilizations, notably ancient Egypt, was fueled by archaeological discoveries and the rise of Egyptology in the 19th century.

    Human Origins and Evolution

    • The study of human origins, development, and cultural beliefs is termed anthropology.
    • Around 1-2% of Neanderthal DNA persists in the genomes of modern humans of non-African descent.
    • Homo sapiens began migrating out of Africa approximately 60,000 to 70,000 years ago.

    Extinction of Neanderthals

    • Neanderthals likely went extinct due to competition with Homo sapiens, climatic changes, and possibly interbreeding.

    Hunter-Gatherer Societies

    • Before the Agricultural Revolution, hunter-gatherer societies thrived through communal living and cooperation, enabling collective survival strategies.
    • Archaeological evidence shows early humans buried their dead with tools and ornaments, indicating ritualistic practices.

    Technological Development

    • The process of knapping allowed early humans to create sharp tools from stones, enhancing their hunting capabilities.

    Cave Paintings and Art

    • Creating cave paintings required natural pigments and tools for application, reflecting early human creativity and cultural expression.
    • The Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc cave in France features distinctive cave paintings that exhibit sophisticated techniques and detailed depictions.

    Ice Age and Environment

    • The term "interglaciation" refers to warmer periods during ice ages that lead to environmental changes and shifts in human habitation.
    • Despite vast frozen water during glaciations, the planet becomes drier due to reduced precipitation and changed ecosystems.
    • Mammoths, saber-toothed cats, and giant ground sloths coexisted with early humans during the Ice Age.

    Human Adaptation during the Ice Age

    • Most humans lived in ice-free refuges, relying on available flora and fauna as conditions changed.
    • Cold periods during an ice age adversely affected plant growth, leading to shifts in habitats and food sources.
    • Early humans survived the Ice Age through adaptation, sharing resources, and utilizing communal living strategies.

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