Untitled Quiz

Optical Rotation and Stereoisomers

• Diastereomers: Stereoisomers that are not enantiomers (non-mirror images)
• Meso Compounds: Achiral molecules with chiral centers due to an internal plane of symmetry
• R/S Configuration: Assigning priority to substituents around a chiral center based on atomic number

S_N1 and S_N2 Reactions

• S_N1: Two-step reaction, unimolecular rate-determining step, proceeds through a carbocation intermediate.
  • Tertiary alkyl halides are most reactive due to stable tertiary carbocation
  • Favored by polar protic solvents
  • Rate law: Rate = k[alkyl halide]
• S_N2: One-step reaction, bimolecular rate-determining step, proceeds through a concerted mechanism
  • Primary alkyl halides are most reactive due to less steric hindrance
  • Favored by polar aprotic solvents
  • Rate law: Rate = k[alkyl halide][nucleophile]

Alkenes

• E/Z Naming: Assigning stereoisomers based on the priority of substituents on each carbon of the double bond
  • E: Trans configuration with high-priority groups on opposite sides
  • Z: Cis configuration with high-priority groups on the same side

Elimination Reactions

• Major Product Prediction: Identify the most substituted alkene as the major product
  • The elimination reaction usually follows Zaitsev's rule

Addition Reactions

• Major Product Prediction: Identify the product based on the addition of the reagent across the double bond

Alcohols and Esters

• Oxidation of Alcohols:
  • Primary alcohols (R-CH₂OH) oxidize to aldehydes (R-CHO) and then carboxylic acids (R-COOH).
  • Secondary alcohols (R₂CHOH) oxidize to ketones (R₂CO)
  • Tertiary alcohols (R₃COH) do not undergo oxidation.
• Esterification: The reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to form an ester and water.
• Hydrolysis: The reverse reaction of esterification, breaking an ester into a carboxylic acid and alcohol.

Cyclohexanes

• Naming: Use standard IUPAC naming conventions for cyclic compounds.
• Cis/Trans: Identifying the position of substituents relative to the plane of the ring
  • Cis: Substituents on the same side of the ring
  • Trans: Substituents on opposite sides of the ring
• Chair Conformations: The most stable conformation of a cyclohexane ring, with axial and equatorial positions.
  • Axial: Substituents pointed up or down from the ring
  • Equatorial: Substituents pointing out from the ring
• Ring Inversion: The interconversion between two chair conformations.

Carbohydrates

• D/L Configuration: Assigning chirality based on the position of the hydroxyl group on the penultimate carbon.
  • D: Hydroxyl group on the right side
  • L: Hydroxyl group on the left side
• Aldose/Ketose: Classifying sugars based on the presence of an aldehyde or a ketone.
• Haworth Projections: A cyclic representation of a carbohydrate ring.
• α/β Anomers: Different stereoisomers formed by ring closure, depending on the position of the anomeric hydroxyl group.
• Glucoside Links: The type of linkage between monosaccharide units in a polysaccharide.
• Hemi-acetal/Acetal: Anomers of a sugar exist as a hemiacetal, which can react with an alcohol to form an acetal for stability.