NCMA 216: Pharmacology Cardiovascular Drugs
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cardiac accelerator?

  • Decreases heart rate
  • Regulates blood pressure
  • Increases heart rate and cardiac contractility (correct)
  • Increases kidney perfusion

    • Which type of hypertension has a known cause?

  • Secondary Hypertension (correct)
  • Primary Hypertension
  • Transient Hypertension
  • Essential Hypertension

    • What triggers the activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

  • A decrease in blood volume
  • An increase in heart rate
  • A decrease in blood pressure within the kidneys (correct)
  • An increase in blood pressure

    • Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypertension?

    <p>High physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is orthostatic hypotension?

    <p>A sudden drop in blood pressure when changing position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic effect of digoxin?

    <p>Increases intracellular calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT an indication for digoxin use?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased renal blood flow have on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

    <p>Interferes with RAAS Activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical consideration when prescribing digoxin?

    <p>It is excreted unchanged in the urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pharmacokinetic characteristic of digoxin contributes to its rapid therapeutic onset?

    <p>Rapid absorption after oral administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of alpha 2 agonists like Clonidine?

    <p>Decrease in sympathetic outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class primarily acts as blood-pressure raising agents?

    <p>Sympathetic adrenergic agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is Midodrine specifically used to treat?

    <p>Orthostatic Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an effect of sympathetic adrenergic agonists?

    <p>Increase blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of sympathetic adrenergic agonists?

    <p>Changes in peripheral blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the action of Dobutamine is true?

    <p>It increases the strength of cardiac muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is classified as an alpha-specific adrenergic agonist?

    <p>Phenylephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for using sympathetic adrenergic agonists?

    <p>Patients with impaired blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heart rate classification for tachycardia?

    <p>More than 100 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by early contraction in the ventricles?

    <p>Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is classified as a Class I antiarrhythmic agent?

    <p>Procainamide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat tachyarrhythmias and belongs to Class II?

    <p>Esmolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily disrupted in a heart block?

    <p>Conduction of impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug reduces left ventricular ejection fraction and is classified as Class 0?

    <p>Ivabradine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with stimulation from ectopic foci in the heart?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which Class I antiarrhythmic drugs operate?

    <p>Block sodium channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiarrhythmic agent is administered only intravenously?

    <p>Ibutilide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant adverse effect associated with Class III antiarrhythmic agents?

    <p>Hepatic toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug should not be taken with food due to decreased absorption?

    <p>Sotalol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the pharmacokinetics of amiodarone is true?

    <p>It is well-absorbed after oral administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination of drugs increases the risk of serious toxic effects?

    <p>Amiodarone and Quinidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a contraindication for Class III antiarrhythmic agents?

    <p>High blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these drugs is likely to decrease the therapeutic effects of Sotalol?

    <p>NSAIDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of the use of Class III antiarrhythmic agents like Dronedarone and Dofetilide?

    <p>QT interval prolongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of Verapamil and Diltiazem?

    <p>Rapid supraventricular dysrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect of Class IV agents like Verapamil and Diltiazem?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?

    <p>Block the movement of calcium ions across cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a contraindication for the use of these calcium channel blockers?

    <p>Sick sinus syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacokinetic property is associated with Verapamil and Diltiazem?

    <p>Highly protein bound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored due to the risk of drug-to-drug interaction when administering Verapamil?

    <p>Risk of cardiac depression with beta blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nursing consideration is crucial when administering Class IV antiarrhythmic medications?

    <p>Titrate the dose to the smallest amount needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios would warrant caution when using Diltiazem?

    <p>Patient with severe heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects does Diltiazem have on the heart?

    <p>Slows automaticity and conductivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided alongside calcium channel blockers due to potential adverse interactions?

    <p>Beta-adrenergic agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    NCMA 216: Pharmacology - Drugs Affecting the Cardiovascular System

    • The course covers drugs affecting the cardiovascular system, including the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system, common cardiovascular disorders, and various medications for management and treatment.
    • Learning objectives include understanding the physiology of the cardiovascular system, identifying common disorders affecting the cardiovascular system, and determining appropriate pharmacological treatments and nursing responsibilities during drug therapy.
    • Students will learn to use various medications for cardiovascular disorders, and appropriate pharmacological treatment and nursing responsibilities during drug therapy for patients with problems in cardiovascular function.
    • The cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and removes waste products.
    • It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

    Review of the Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System

    • The heart is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps oxygenated blood to the body's cells and collects waste products from the tissues.
    • The heart is divided into four chambers: the atria (upper) and the ventricles (lower).
    • The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the lungs.
    • The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.
    • Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) carry blood to and from the heart.
    • Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood toward the heart, and capillaries facilitate exchange between blood and body tissues.
    • The heart has four valves: the mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary valves, which regulate blood flow.

    Cardiac Cycle

    • The cardiac cycle involves the contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart chambers.
    • Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, then flows through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary arteries and to the lungs.
    • Oxygenated blood from the lungs goes to the left atrium, then flows through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, then through the aortic valve to the aorta and to the rest of the body.

    Cardiac Conduction System

    • The cardiac conduction system is responsible for initiating and conducting the electrical impulses that control the heart's rhythmic contractions.
    • This system includes the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.
    • The SA node is the heart's natural pacemaker, generating electrical impulses that initiate contractions in the atria.
    • The AV node slows the impulse transmission, allowing the atria to contract completely before the ventricles contract.
    • The bundle of His and Purkinje fibers rapidly conduct the impulse to the ventricles, causing them to contract.

    Blood Pressure

    • Blood flow occurs from higher to lower pressure areas.
    • The left ventricle maintains high pressure, and the right atrium has low pressure.
    • The brain and hormones control the maintenance of blood pressure
    • Hypertension is high blood pressure, and hypotension is low blood pressure
    • Hypertensive crisis is severely high blood pressure, and shock is severely low blood pressure.
    • Elements of Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) are heart rate, stroke volume, and total peripheral resistance (PVR).

    Drugs Affecting Blood Pressure

    • Drugs affecting blood pressure can be categorized into ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators, renin inhibitors, diuretics, and sympatholytics.
    • Specific examples of each class of drugs are listed in the document.

    The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

    • RAAS is a hormonal system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
    • The system is activated when blood pressure decreases in the kidneys
    • The role of the kidneys is constant perfusion; to help ensure blood flow is maintained
    • Key medications in this system are mentioned in the notes.

    Hypertension

    • Hypertension is diagnosed when blood pressure is consistently above the normal limits.
    • Risk factors include increased age, smoking, high salt diet, low physical activity, obesity, and chronic diseases.
    • Key classifications and categories of hypertension are noted in the notes.

    Hypotension

    • Hypotension occurs when blood pressure becomes dangerously low.
    • Causes may include positional shifts, a high carb diet, standing for a long time, and emotional responses.
    • Remedies and treatments to address hypotension are in these notes.

    Antihypertensive Drugs

    • A list of antihypertensive drugs is included in the document, categorized by class (ACE inhibitors, ARBs, etc.).

    Blood Pressure - Sympathetic Nervous System

    • The sympathetic nervous system regulates blood pressure through stimulating the heart and blood vessels.
    • Parasympathetic branch has the opposite effect to lower blood pressure
    • Specific agents are included in the notes

    Blood Pressure - Raising Agents

    • Include midodrine and droxidopa.

    Drugs for Heart Failure

    • Heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump blood effectively around the body.
    • This can lead to congestion in the lungs or other areas of the body.
    • Various medications, general measures and device therapies can be used to treat heart failure are noted in the notes.
    • It includes Cardiac Glycosides, like Digoxin and Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors, like Milrinone.

    Drugs affecting Arrhythmia

    • Arrhythmias are irregularities in the heart's rhythm.
    • Drugs categorized by classes (Class I - IV) and actions are described here.

    Drugs for Angina

    • Angina is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscles.
    • The document provides details about the different types of angina, risk factors, mechanism, and treatment.

    Drugs affecting Blood Coagulation

    • Details of blood coagulation, thromboembolic disorders, hemorrhagic disorders, and relevant drugs are included.
    • This section also covers mechanisms of blood coagulation, and nursing considerations.

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    Drugs Affecting Cardiovascular System PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on the pharmacology of drugs affecting the cardiovascular system. It covers the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system, common disorders, and pharmacological treatments along with nursing responsibilities. Students will deepen their understanding of managing cardiovascular conditions through medication.

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