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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the patch containing mestranol?
What is the primary function of the patch containing mestranol?
- To increase menstrual flow and cramping
- To inhibit ovulation and prevent fertilization (correct)
- To provide hormonal replacement therapy
- To enhance cervical mucus production
Which of the following describes progestins?
Which of the following describes progestins?
- They are exclusively natural hormones
- They only have contraceptive properties
- They can be both natural and synthetic compounds (correct)
- They do not affect estrogen balance
What advantage does the patch provide compared to daily pills?
What advantage does the patch provide compared to daily pills?
- Requires daily application
- Increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy
- Eliminates the need to remember daily medication (correct)
- Offers higher estrogen levels
Which of the following conditions does the use of progestins help to mitigate?
Which of the following conditions does the use of progestins help to mitigate?
What is a common disadvantage of using hormonal patches?
What is a common disadvantage of using hormonal patches?
What is one of the effects of estrogen that progestins counteract?
What is one of the effects of estrogen that progestins counteract?
How effective are combined oral contraceptive products for contraception?
How effective are combined oral contraceptive products for contraception?
What condition is NOT associated with the use of combined hormonal contraception?
What condition is NOT associated with the use of combined hormonal contraception?
Which drug administration route is considered the slowest and has the most variable absorption?
Which drug administration route is considered the slowest and has the most variable absorption?
What is indicated by a drug with a long half-life?
What is indicated by a drug with a long half-life?
What is the primary method of drug action termination in the body?
What is the primary method of drug action termination in the body?
What is the significance of the half-life in pharmacokinetics?
What is the significance of the half-life in pharmacokinetics?
What type of drug elimination kinetics is characterized by a concentration decrease that is proportional to the concentration itself?
What type of drug elimination kinetics is characterized by a concentration decrease that is proportional to the concentration itself?
What effect does an alkaline urine environment have on drug excretion?
What effect does an alkaline urine environment have on drug excretion?
Which of the following drug preparations are classified as dying agents typically used for acute inflammation?
Which of the following drug preparations are classified as dying agents typically used for acute inflammation?
Which route of administration is noted for having a significant first-pass effect?
Which route of administration is noted for having a significant first-pass effect?
What is a characteristic feature of first-order kinetics elimination?
What is a characteristic feature of first-order kinetics elimination?
Which drug preparation would be most suitable for treating chronic skin inflammation?
Which drug preparation would be most suitable for treating chronic skin inflammation?
What is a potential effect of the LNG-IUS on hormonal secretion?
What is a potential effect of the LNG-IUS on hormonal secretion?
What is a contraindication for the use of the LNG-IUS?
What is a contraindication for the use of the LNG-IUS?
How does Nexplanon function in preventing pregnancy?
How does Nexplanon function in preventing pregnancy?
What additional medical condition might the LNG-IUS help prevent?
What additional medical condition might the LNG-IUS help prevent?
What is the maximum time frame for a medical abortion using methotrexate?
What is the maximum time frame for a medical abortion using methotrexate?
What imaging method can help locate the Nexplanon device?
What imaging method can help locate the Nexplanon device?
What is the primary goal of replacement therapy in the treatment of RDS?
What is the primary goal of replacement therapy in the treatment of RDS?
What is one of the risks associated with the LNG-IUS?
What is one of the risks associated with the LNG-IUS?
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures during postpartum?
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures during postpartum?
What is a notable characteristic of the drug Actaea racemosa?
What is a notable characteristic of the drug Actaea racemosa?
What does the acronym REEDA stand for in the assessment of perineal condition after delivery?
What does the acronym REEDA stand for in the assessment of perineal condition after delivery?
Which one of the following is a potential side effect of an episiotomy?
Which one of the following is a potential side effect of an episiotomy?
Which measure is specifically aimed at enhancing lactation in postpartum care?
Which measure is specifically aimed at enhancing lactation in postpartum care?
What condition can result from increased pressure on the perineal soft tissue during delivery?
What condition can result from increased pressure on the perineal soft tissue during delivery?
Which of the following is an effect of pharmacologic measures in the context of pain relief during delivery?
Which of the following is an effect of pharmacologic measures in the context of pain relief during delivery?
What is NOT a result of nonpharmacologic measures in managing postpartum conditions?
What is NOT a result of nonpharmacologic measures in managing postpartum conditions?
Which process in pharmacokinetics is primarily responsible for the movement of the drug into systemic circulation?
Which process in pharmacokinetics is primarily responsible for the movement of the drug into systemic circulation?
What phase of drug action describes what the body does to a drug?
What phase of drug action describes what the body does to a drug?
In which environment is a weak acid expected to be better absorbed?
In which environment is a weak acid expected to be better absorbed?
What can counterintuitively improve the elimination of a weak acid like aspirin from the body?
What can counterintuitively improve the elimination of a weak acid like aspirin from the body?
What is the relationship defined by the phrase 'like dissolves like' in relation to drug absorption?
What is the relationship defined by the phrase 'like dissolves like' in relation to drug absorption?
Which of the following options is NOT part of the pharmacokinetics phase?
Which of the following options is NOT part of the pharmacokinetics phase?
How does lipid solubility affect drug absorption compared to water solubility?
How does lipid solubility affect drug absorption compared to water solubility?
Which term best describes the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles?
Which term best describes the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles?
What is the primary focus of toxicology within pharmacology?
What is the primary focus of toxicology within pharmacology?
Which statement is true regarding non-ionized and non-polar drugs?
Which statement is true regarding non-ionized and non-polar drugs?
What process occurs after disintegration in the pharmaceutic phase?
What process occurs after disintegration in the pharmaceutic phase?
Which property is critical in determining how quickly a drug can pass through cell membranes?
Which property is critical in determining how quickly a drug can pass through cell membranes?
What characterizes the pharmacodynamic phase of drug action?
What characterizes the pharmacodynamic phase of drug action?
Which of the following statements is true about the pharmacokinetics of a drug?
Which of the following statements is true about the pharmacokinetics of a drug?
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Study Notes
Fundamental Concepts of Pharmacology
- Pharmacology is the branch of biomedical science studying drugs' effects on living systems. It includes clinical pharmacology and encompasses drug development and chemical properties.
- Medical Pharmacology focuses on chemical use for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in humans.
Definitions
- A drug is a chemical substance with a known structure that produces a biological effect upon administration.
- Toxicology examines chemicals' undesirable effects on biological systems.
Phases of Drug Action
- Pharmaceutic Phase: Involves the disintegration and dissolution of drugs in solid form (e.g., tablets).
- Pharmacokinetics Phase: Describes drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
- Pharmacodynamic Phase: Focuses on drug impacts on the body.
Pharmacokinetics
- Includes the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
- Absorption is influenced by the drug's solubility; lipid-soluble drugs are absorbed more easily while water-soluble drugs are eliminated more quickly.
- Half-life is the duration for half of the drug concentration to be eliminated; crucial for determining steady-state concentration.
Absorption and Solubility
- Ionized and polar drugs are more water-soluble, leading to increased clearance but decreased absorption.
- Non-ionized and non-polar drugs are lipid-soluble, enhancing absorption while clearing more slowly.
- "LUNA" mnemonic aids memory: Lipid soluble, Unionized, Neutral.
Drug Behavior in Different Environments
- Weak acids are better absorbed in acidic environments; e.g., phenobarbital in the stomach.
- Weak acids are excreted better in alkaline environments; e.g., aspirin in basic urine.
- Weak bases are better excreted in acidic environments; e.g., amphetamines in acidic urine.
Routes of Administration
- Various routes have differing levels of first-pass metabolism, influencing drug delivery efficacy.
- Oral administration undergoes significant first-pass effects; intravenous (IV) route completely bypasses this.
Elimination
- Drug action is terminated through metabolism and excretion.
- First-order elimination is characterized by a rate of elimination proportional to drug concentration.
- Creatinine clearance tests assess renal function accuracy.
Combined Oral Contraception (COC)
- Highly effective (92% to 99.3%) with benefits like reduced menstrual flow, cramping, and risk of certain cancers.
- Disadvantages include potential for skin reactions, menstrual cramps, and lack of STI protection.
Progestins and Implantable Contraceptives
- Progestins are hormones that mimic natural progesterone; they prevent ovulation and alter the endometrium.
- Implantable devices like Nexplanon contain etonogestrel and may have reduced efficacy in women with a high BMI.
Medical Abortion
- Defined as terminating a pregnancy less than 63 days gestation using medications like methotrexate.
Pain Relief and Perineal Care
- Pregnancy increases pressure on perineal tissue, leading to conditions like edema and ecchymosis.
- Assessment methods include the REEDA acronym: Redness, Ecchymosis, Edema, Discharge, Approximation.
Alternative Medicines
- Actaea racemosa (black cohosh) is used in over-the-counter preparations such as Remifemin and Estroven, noted for their role in addressing menopause symptoms.
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