NCM106 Pharmacology Module 1

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the patch containing mestranol?

To increase menstrual flow and cramping

To inhibit ovulation and prevent fertilization (correct)

To provide hormonal replacement therapy

To enhance cervical mucus production

Which of the following describes progestins?

They are exclusively natural hormones

They only have contraceptive properties

They can be both natural and synthetic compounds (correct)

They do not affect estrogen balance

What advantage does the patch provide compared to daily pills?

Requires daily application

Increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy

Eliminates the need to remember daily medication (correct)

Offers higher estrogen levels

Which of the following conditions does the use of progestins help to mitigate?

Excess body hair Signup and view all the answers

What is a common disadvantage of using hormonal patches?

Increased incidence of skin reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the effects of estrogen that progestins counteract?

Reduction in menstrual flow and cramping Signup and view all the answers

How effective are combined oral contraceptive products for contraception?

92% to 99.3% effective Signup and view all the answers

What condition is NOT associated with the use of combined hormonal contraception?

Breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which drug administration route is considered the slowest and has the most variable absorption?

Topical Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a drug with a long half-life?

It remains in the body for a duration of 24 hours or longer. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of drug action termination in the body?

Metabolism into inactive metabolites followed by excretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the half-life in pharmacokinetics?

It calculates the time for a drug concentration to decrease by 50%. Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug elimination kinetics is characterized by a concentration decrease that is proportional to the concentration itself?

First-order elimination Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an alkaline urine environment have on drug excretion?

Enhances excretion of weak acid drugs. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drug preparations are classified as dying agents typically used for acute inflammation?

Tinctures and wet dressings Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration is noted for having a significant first-pass effect?

Oral Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of first-order kinetics elimination?

Elimination rate halves with each half-life duration. Signup and view all the answers

Which drug preparation would be most suitable for treating chronic skin inflammation?

Creams Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of the LNG-IUS on hormonal secretion?

Inhibits both FSH and LH secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the use of the LNG-IUS?

Known or suspected pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

How does Nexplanon function in preventing pregnancy?

By containing progestin etonogestrel Signup and view all the answers

What additional medical condition might the LNG-IUS help prevent?

Endometrial cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum time frame for a medical abortion using methotrexate?

Up to 63 days from the first day of the LMP Signup and view all the answers

What imaging method can help locate the Nexplanon device?

CT scan if necessary Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of replacement therapy in the treatment of RDS?

To supplement endogenous surfactant levels Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the risks associated with the LNG-IUS?

Loss of bone mineral density Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures during postpartum?

Increasing cardiovascular endurance Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of the drug Actaea racemosa?

Commonly used for menopause symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym REEDA stand for in the assessment of perineal condition after delivery?

Redness, Ecchymosis, Edema, Discharge, Approximation Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a potential side effect of an episiotomy?

Pain and edema in perineal tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which measure is specifically aimed at enhancing lactation in postpartum care?

Using mammary gland stimulants Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from increased pressure on the perineal soft tissue during delivery?

Edema and ecchymosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an effect of pharmacologic measures in the context of pain relief during delivery?

Relieving pain from uterine contractions Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a result of nonpharmacologic measures in managing postpartum conditions?

Decreasing uterine contractility Signup and view all the answers

Which process in pharmacokinetics is primarily responsible for the movement of the drug into systemic circulation?

Absorption Signup and view all the answers

What phase of drug action describes what the body does to a drug?

Pharmacokinetics Phase Signup and view all the answers

In which environment is a weak acid expected to be better absorbed?

Acidic environment Signup and view all the answers

What can counterintuitively improve the elimination of a weak acid like aspirin from the body?

Increasing urine pH Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship defined by the phrase 'like dissolves like' in relation to drug absorption?

Lipid-soluble drugs are absorbed faster Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is NOT part of the pharmacokinetics phase?

Dissolution Signup and view all the answers

How does lipid solubility affect drug absorption compared to water solubility?

Lipid-soluble drugs have increased absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles?

Disintegration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of toxicology within pharmacology?

Undesirable effects of chemicals Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding non-ionized and non-polar drugs?

They are absorbed faster Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs after disintegration in the pharmaceutic phase?

Dissolution Signup and view all the answers

Which property is critical in determining how quickly a drug can pass through cell membranes?

Lipid solubility and ionization Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the pharmacodynamic phase of drug action?

Effect of drug on the body Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the pharmacokinetics of a drug?

Absorption occurs first in the drug lifecycle. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fundamental Concepts of Pharmacology

Pharmacology is the branch of biomedical science studying drugs' effects on living systems. It includes clinical pharmacology and encompasses drug development and chemical properties.
Medical Pharmacology focuses on chemical use for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in humans.

Definitions

A drug is a chemical substance with a known structure that produces a biological effect upon administration.
Toxicology examines chemicals' undesirable effects on biological systems.

Phases of Drug Action

Pharmaceutic Phase: Involves the disintegration and dissolution of drugs in solid form (e.g., tablets).
Pharmacokinetics Phase: Describes drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
Pharmacodynamic Phase: Focuses on drug impacts on the body.

Pharmacokinetics

Includes the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
Absorption is influenced by the drug's solubility; lipid-soluble drugs are absorbed more easily while water-soluble drugs are eliminated more quickly.
Half-life is the duration for half of the drug concentration to be eliminated; crucial for determining steady-state concentration.

Absorption and Solubility

Ionized and polar drugs are more water-soluble, leading to increased clearance but decreased absorption.
Non-ionized and non-polar drugs are lipid-soluble, enhancing absorption while clearing more slowly.
"LUNA" mnemonic aids memory: Lipid soluble, Unionized, Neutral.

Drug Behavior in Different Environments

Weak acids are better absorbed in acidic environments; e.g., phenobarbital in the stomach.
Weak acids are excreted better in alkaline environments; e.g., aspirin in basic urine.
Weak bases are better excreted in acidic environments; e.g., amphetamines in acidic urine.

Routes of Administration

Various routes have differing levels of first-pass metabolism, influencing drug delivery efficacy.
Oral administration undergoes significant first-pass effects; intravenous (IV) route completely bypasses this.

Elimination

Drug action is terminated through metabolism and excretion.
First-order elimination is characterized by a rate of elimination proportional to drug concentration.
Creatinine clearance tests assess renal function accuracy.

Combined Oral Contraception (COC)

Highly effective (92% to 99.3%) with benefits like reduced menstrual flow, cramping, and risk of certain cancers.
Disadvantages include potential for skin reactions, menstrual cramps, and lack of STI protection.

Progestins and Implantable Contraceptives

Progestins are hormones that mimic natural progesterone; they prevent ovulation and alter the endometrium.
Implantable devices like Nexplanon contain etonogestrel and may have reduced efficacy in women with a high BMI.

Medical Abortion

Defined as terminating a pregnancy less than 63 days gestation using medications like methotrexate.

Pain Relief and Perineal Care

Pregnancy increases pressure on perineal tissue, leading to conditions like edema and ecchymosis.
Assessment methods include the REEDA acronym: Redness, Ecchymosis, Edema, Discharge, Approximation.

Alternative Medicines

Actaea racemosa (black cohosh) is used in over-the-counter preparations such as Remifemin and Estroven, noted for their role in addressing menopause symptoms.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of pharmacology in this quiz, covering essential topics such as metabolism, exercise, and elimination. Test your understanding of the key principles that underpin pharmacology and its applications in medical practices.