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Questions and Answers
What is an ion?
What is an ion?
An ion is when two or more atoms share electrons and have a stable connection, typically formed between nonmetals and metals.
Which of the following is a polyatomic ion?
Which of the following is a polyatomic ion?
Water in solid form is known as ______.
Water in solid form is known as ______.
ice
The chemical formula for
Ozone is ______.
The chemical formula for Ozone is ______.
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What does it mean for a chemical equation to be balanced?
What does it mean for a chemical equation to be balanced?
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Which of the following metals do not oxidize under any circumstance?
Which of the following metals do not oxidize under any circumstance?
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Metals react rapidly with oxygen.
Metals react rapidly with oxygen.
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Which of these elements is an allotrope of carbon?
Which of these elements is an allotrope of carbon?
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What product is formed when sulfur reacts with oxygen?
What product is formed when sulfur reacts with oxygen?
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What is the purpose of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
What is the purpose of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
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Acids release ______ ions in solution.
Acids release ______ ions in solution.
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What type of reaction occurs when two chemicals combine?
What type of reaction occurs when two chemicals combine?
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Which of the following is a product of fermentation?
Which of the following is a product of fermentation?
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Ozone (O3) protects the Earth from harmful UV light.
Ozone (O3) protects the Earth from harmful UV light.
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______ is a natural yellow gas that is poisonous.
______ is a natural yellow gas that is poisonous.
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What is produced when an acid neutralizes a base?
What is produced when an acid neutralizes a base?
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Study Notes
Ions
- Ions result from atoms sharing electrons, typically formed between metals and nonmetals (e.g., NaCl).
- Positive ions (cations) occur when atoms lose electrons; negative ions (anions) occur when atoms gain electrons.
- Polyatomic ions consist of two or more atoms, such as nitrate (NO2^-1).
Chemical Reactions
- Water exists in three forms: solid (ice, H2O (s)), liquid (water, H2O (l)), and gas (steam, H2O (g)).
- Solutions containing dissolved substances are termed aqueous solutions (e.g., NaCl (aq)).
- A balanced chemical equation has equal numbers of each type of atom on both sides (e.g., CaCO3 → CaO + CO2).
- Balancing requires adjusting coefficients to ensure atom counts match on both sides of the equation (e.g., 2H2O2 → O2 + 2H2O).
Metals, Non-Metals, and Their Properties
Alloys
- Alloys are metallic mixtures, improving properties like strength and durability (e.g., copper alloys).
Activity Series
- Metals are reactive in the order: Sodium, Lithium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Zinc, Iron, Lead, (Hydrogen), Copper, Silver, Gold.
Reactions with Oxygen
- Reactive metals (e.g., sodium, magnesium) form metal oxides rapidly when exposed to oxygen (e.g., 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO).
- Less reactive metals (e.g., lead, copper) oxidize slowly.
Reactions with Water
- Reactive metals generate metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas when reacting with water (e.g., 2Li + 2H2O → Li2OH + H2).
- Cold water reactions are slower for certain metals, like potassium.
Non-Metals, Allotropes, and Their Properties
- Non-metals lack metallic properties (e.g., lustre, malleability) and are poor electrical conductors, except graphite.
- Allotropes are different physical forms of elements (e.g., carbon forms include diamond and graphite).
Oxygen
- Oxygen, a non-metal gas (21% of Earth's atmosphere), supports combustion and creates ozone (O3) when electrified.
- Ozone protects against UV radiation and is used for pool sanitization.
Carbon Allotropes
- Diamond is hard and used in cutting tools and jewelry; its structure contributes to its hardness.
Chlorine
- Chlorine is a toxic yellow gas used for water purification and produces hypochlorous acid in water.
- Sodium hydroxide with chlorine creates bleach (NaOCl).
Nitrogen
- Nitrogen makes up 78% of the atmosphere, is unreactive, and forms nitric oxide when lightning occurs.
Sulphur
- Sulphur is a brittle solid often found near volcanoes and creates sulphur dioxide (SO2) when burned with oxygen.
Covalent Bonding
- Covalent bonds involve non-metals sharing electrons, forming strong connections.
- Bonds can be single, double, or triple, with increased bonds leading to stronger interactions.
Acids, Bases, and Neutralization
- The pH scale (1 to 14) indicates acidity; lower pH means higher acidity.
- Acids yield H+ in solutions; bases yield OH- ions, while neutral solutions have a pH of 7.
- Neutralization occurs when acids and bases react to form water and salts (e.g., HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O).
Organic Chemistry
- Organic chemistry focuses on carbon and its compounds; hydrocarbons have only carbon and hydrogen.
- Alkanes are hydrocarbons following the formula CnH2n+2; they are combustible.
- Polymers consist of repeating monomers; polymerization converts monomers into polymers like polyethylene.
Types of Reactions
- Combination reactions merge two substances (e.g., Na + Cl → NaCl).
- Decomposition reactions break down compounds into simpler substances (e.g., CuCO3 → CuO + CO2).
- Displacement reactions involve one substance replacing another within a compound.
Precipitate and Spectator Ions
- A precipitate forms when at least one reactant is aqueous, producing a solid (e.g., calcium sulfate).
- Spectator ions remain unchanged throughout the reaction; simplifying equations involves canceling them.
Summary
- Understanding these concepts forms a foundation for NCEA Level 1 Chemistry, encompassing ion formation, chemical reactions, properties of elements, organic chemistry, and types of chemical reactions.
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Explore the non-official notes created for NCEA Level 1 Chemistry. This resource includes valuable insights and humor, potentially featuring some Ethan jokes. Ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of basic chemistry concepts.
