Nazi Germany and Hitler's Rise to Power

Nazi Germany

• Life tightly controlled under Hitler's rule, with propaganda, censorship, and harsh laws.
• Opposition risked arrest, imprisonment, or execution.
• Early economic stability for many ethnic Germans due to state projects and military expansion.
• Personal freedoms limited; organizations like the Hitler Youth were mandatory.
• Women encouraged to focus on "Kinder, Küche, Kirche" (Children, Kitchen, Church).
• Schools trained boys for war and girls for motherhood.
• Jews, Romani, LGBTQ+, and other minorities faced extreme persecution.
• The Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of rights, leading to the Holocaust.
• World War II brought rationing, bombings, and shortages, making life difficult.
• Germany in ruins, Hitler dead, and Nazi regime collapsed by 1945.

Hitler's Rise to Power

• Post-World War I Germany faced severe economic hardship from the Treaty of Versailles.
• Severe hyperinflation, unemployment, and frustration with the Weimar Republic.
• Hitler's NSDAP exploited German resentment towards Versailles.
• Promised to restore German pride, fix economy, and reject democracy.
• Great Depression worsened German economic situation, increasing support for radical parties.
• NSDAP became the largest party in the Reichstag in 1932.
• Hitler appointed Chancellor in January 1933 by President Hindenburg.
• Elites miscalculated in thinking he could be controlled.
• Reichstag Fire used as pretext for emergency laws.
• Enabling Act (March 1933) granted Hitler dictatorial powers.
• Hitler's rise driven by economic turmoil, political instability, and manipulation of the system.
• Nazi Party became a dictatorship in 1933.

The Ulster Plantations

• Part of England's control strategy over Ireland (early 17th century).
• Followed English defeat of Gaelic lords in the Nine Years’ War (1594-1603).
• Protestant English and Scottish settlers settled in Ulster (predominantly Catholic).
• Native Irish landowners' land confiscated and redistributed.
• Settlers introduced new farming methods and industries.
• Led to significant tensions between settlers and native Irish.
• Protestant communities became foundation of Unionist identity in Northern Ireland.
• Economic impact mixed: new industries (e.g., linen) but native Irish faced hardship and resentment.
• Shaped political and cultural landscape, leading to decades of division in Northern Ireland.

The Renaissance

• 14th to 17th centuries marked advancements in science, medicine, and art.
• Science saw a shift towards experimentation and new models of the universe.
• Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler – challenged medieval views on astronomy.
• Leonardo da Vinci and Andreas Vesalius improved understanding of human anatomy.
• Medicine focused on anatomy and dissection.
• Vesalius's De humani corporis fabrica detailed anatomical drawings.
• Renaissance art emphasized realism and perspective, secular themes.
• Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael used linear perspective and accurate anatomy.
• Shift from religious themes to human emotion and individualism.

The Reformation

• 16th-century religious movement sparked by Martin Luther.
• Dissatisfaction with Church corruption (especially indulgence sales).
• Luther's 95 Theses in 1517 challenged Church practices.
• Luther's emphasis on faith and scripture (sola fide and sola scriptura).
• Spread of Luther's ideas through the printing press.
• Formation of Protestant churches.
• Reduced Catholic Church's influence across Europe.
• Religious conflict and the Catholic Counter-Reformation.
• Promoted literacy through reading the Bible in local languages.

Excavation Methods

• Surface Survey: Identification of visible artifacts like pottery shards.
• Historical Research: Use of old maps, documents, and local knowledge.
• Aerial Survey: Drone or satellite detection of anomalies like crop marks.
• Geophysical Survey: Tools like GPR and magnetometry to detect hidden features.
• LiDAR: Laser light for detailed 3D maps and structure identification.
• Test Excavations: Small trial trenches to verify remains.

Ancient Rome

• Public entertainment, education, and religion shaped daily life.
• Gladiator fights (Colosseum) and chariot races (Circus Maximus) were major public events.
• Education was mainly for wealthy boys, focusing on public life skills.
• Basic schooling for poorer children, elite reserved for higher education.
• Polytheistic religion – worship of gods like Jupiter and Neptune.
• Religion woven into rituals, festivals, and ceremonies (ex: Saturnalia).
• Reflects Roman values and social structure.

The 1798 Rebellion

• Key moment in Irish political physical force tradition.
• United Irishmen sought independence and democratic reforms.
• Inspired by French and American revolutions.
• Widespread dissatisfaction with British Rule motivated the rebellion.
• Initially successful in some areas.
• Crushed by British forces, resulting in brutal retaliation.
• Marked the first large-scale armed resistance against British rule.
• Influenced later nationalist movements, such as the Easter Rising.
• Act of Union (1801) solidified British control following the rebellion.
• Reinforced concept of physical force for Irish freedom.