psy230 chp 8
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psy230 chp 8

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What is the main reason for the overlap between behavioural genetics and personality psychology?

  • Both focus on studying genetic variation
  • Both aim to identify specific genes related to traits
  • Both disciplines seek to explain human diversity (correct)
  • Both use DNA samples for measurement
  • Which approach in behavioural genetics uses DNA samples to measure genetic variation?

  • Personality psychology approach
  • Environmental genetics
  • Molecular genetics (correct)
  • Classic approach
  • What distinguishes the classic approach from the modern approach in behavioural genetics?

  • Study of human diversity
  • Use of genetic similarity between individuals
  • Focus on environmental influences
  • Use of DNA samples for measurement (correct)
  • What is the primary focus of the classic approach in behavioural genetics?

    <p>Inferences about genetic and environmental influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of studies are still relevant for the study of traits like the Big Five?

    <p>Classic studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes it possible to correlate observed differences in participants' genes with their traits in molecular genetics?

    <p>Use of DNA samples for measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the modern approach in behavioural genetics use to measure genetic variation?

    <p>DNA samples from a diverse group of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature versus nurture debate about?

    <p>Whether psychological traits are inherited or learned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the blank slate model propose?

    <p>Humans are born with the same disposition and personality differences are due to socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the topic of clinical or forensic psychology in relation to inherited dispositions?

    <p>Understanding why some people have maladaptive inherited dispositions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of research in behavioral genetics?

    <p>Genetic and environmental influences on personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the blank slate model not deny about personality?

    <p>The existence of personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do evolutionary theories suggest about personality traits?

    <p>Personality traits are partially inherited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of clinical or forensic psychology regarding personality traits?

    <p>Understanding maladaptive inherited dispositions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a heritability coefficient of 0% indicate?

    <p>All of the variation in a phenotype is due to environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the causal effect of genes on the phenotype?

    <p>Heritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does h2 represent in the context of heritability coefficient?

    <p>$h^2$ represents the amount of variance in a phenotype explained by genetic variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to specify the population of a study in behavioral genetics?

    <p>Results can vary dramatically from one population to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a heritability coefficient of 100% indicate?

    <p>All of the variation in a phenotype is due to genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflects the influence of genes that are inherited from parents?

    <p>$h^2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does '1-$h^2$' represent in the context of heritability coefficient?

    <p>The amount of variance in a phenotype explained by environmental variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do heritability coefficients depend on the population in which they are estimated?

    <p>Results can vary dramatically from one population to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'h' reflect in terms of genetic influence?

    <p>The causal effect of genes on the phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does '1-h' represent in relation to genetic and environmental influences?

    <p>The amount of variance in a phenotype explained by environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might some people believe that heritability coefficients are meaningless?

    <p>Due to their dependence on the population being studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used by personality psychologists to refer to specific observable attributes?

    <p>Traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do behavioural geneticists call specific observable attributes?

    <p>Phenotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the information encoded in an individual's DNA known as?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are variations in the genome that can produce differences in humans' phenotypes called?

    <p>Allels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do genes come in different versions known as?

    <p>Allels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of environmental factors in behavioural genetics?

    <p>On environment factors that vary across individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the classic approach in behavioural genetics not measure directly?

    <p>The unobserved genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can sometimes be responsible for a phenotype?

    <p>A single variation of a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are variations in many genes that contribute to variation in a phenotype called?

    <p>Polygenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the heritability coefficient measure?

    <p>The proportion of individual differences in a trait that can be attributed to genetic differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the classic twin design aim to separate the influence of?

    <p>Genes and shared environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the heritability coefficient computed using twin correlations?

    <p>$h^2 = r_{MZ} - r_{DZ}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a correlation of $r = .87$ for height in MZ twins suggest?

    <p>$87%$ heritability of height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key limitation of twin studies mentioned in the text?

    <p>Rarity of twins and adoptions, and inability to replicate results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the causal model in Figure 8.2 explain?

    <p>The observed correlation between twins' phenotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a correlation of $r = .48$ for personality traits in MZ twins suggest?

    <p>50% heritability of personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'no assortative mating' mean in the context of twin studies?

    <p>Parents do not select mates based on similar traits or characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'equal shared environments for MZ and DZ twins' mean in the classic twin design?

    <p>Both types of twins experience identical environments during development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflects the difference in genetic similarity between MZ and DZ twins?

    <p>The difference in their correlation for a specific trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of height heritability is estimated from the given information?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the estimate of 3% due to shared environmental factors indicate?

    <p>Shared environmental factors have a small effect on height variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the estimate of 7% due to non-shared environmental factors show?

    <p>Non-shared environmental factors are more likely to make twins dissimilar than similar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the relatively small variance in access to protein-rich foods in North America imply?

    <p>Nutrition can only make a small difference to variation in height in North America</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total variance in height separated into, based on the given information?

    <p>Genetic factors, shared environmental factors, and non-shared environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the estimates derived from MZ twins growing up apart and the given calculations suggest about the influence of shared environment on height?

    <p>Shared environment has a small effect on height variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the estimates obtained from MZ twins growing up apart and the given calculations indicate about the influence of non-shared environment on making twins dissimilar?

    <p>Non-shared environment is more likely to make twins dissimilar than similar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the given estimates suggest about the impact of nutrition on height variation?

    <p>Nutrition can only make a small difference to variation in height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are genetic, shared environmental, and non-shared environmental factors contributing to the total variance in height?

    <p>Genetic factors contribute 90%, shared environmental contributes 3%, and non-shared environmental contributes 7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic similarity between dizygotic twins (DZ)?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are dizygotic twins (DZ) more similar to monozygotic twins (MZ) than normal siblings?

    <p>Because they have more similar environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for comparing monozygotic (MZ) twins to dizygotic (DZ) twins rather than to siblings?

    <p>To control for environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biggest challenge in twin studies?

    <p>Recruiting a large number of participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are dizygotic twins (DZ) genetically not different from normal siblings?

    <p>$h^2$ value is the same for DZ and normal siblings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of genes do children inherit from each parent?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a split of the same fertilized egg during the early stages of development of a fetus?

    <p>Monozygotic twins (MZ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do dizygotic twins (DZ) result from?

    <p>Two eggs in the uterus fertilized by two different sperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes it possible for behavioural geneticists to compare MZ and DZ twins?

    <p>Their shared environment during upbringing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are monozygotic (MZ) twins genetically identical?

    <p>They share 100% of their genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the variance in handedness is inherited?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term would be more appropriate instead of 'unshared environment' in twins?

    <p>Unexplained variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the finding about married MZ twins' happiness suggest?

    <p>Marriage is an unshared environmental factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the results of the study comparing life-satisfaction in MZ twin pairs demonstrate?

    <p>Current life circumstances can influence environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the influence of environmental factors on handedness?

    <p>'Unshared environment' could reflect unique biological processes or measurement error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely cause of left-handedness according to the text?

    <p>Different lateralization of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environmental factors can influence adult twins' differences?

    <p>Current life circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the term 'unshared environment' when studying traits in twins?

    <p>It could reflect unique biological processes or measurement error.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the study comparing life-satisfaction in MZ twin pairs illustrate about environmental influences?

    <p>Environmental influences can be due to current life circumstances rather than parenting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text imply about the causes of left-handedness?

    <p>Different lateralization of the brain can lead to left-handedness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a rare adoption study of personality traits related to the Big Five find?

    <p>The shared environment may contribute to adolescents' personalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the adoption study find about the shared environment effect on personality traits?

    <p>The strongest shared environment effect was found for a scale called 'Traditionalism.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do results from the adoption study suggest about the variance in personality traits?

    <p>Genes explain 40% of the variance in personality traits, while the shared environment explains 20%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did studies using a multi-method approach find about unshared environmental variance in twin studies?

    <p>Some of the unshared environmental variance in twin studies could be measurement error, leading to increased heritability estimates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of unshared biological development mentioned in the text?

    <p>'Handedness,' which is not actively influenced by parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Handedness' could be influenced by recessive genes, similar to which other trait?

    <p>'Eye color,' where two brown-eyed parents carrying a blue-eye allele could have a blue-eyed child with a 25% chance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do unshared environmental factors in twin studies primarily represent?

    <p>Unidentifiable factors that could be random processes occurring during human development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does understanding the influence of shared and unshared environment on personality traits require?

    <p>More evidence from adoption studies and a multi-method approach to measurement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the development of a human adult from an embryo to an adult lead to?

    <p>Differences in individuals despite starting with the same DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does measurement error in classic twin studies tend to do?

    <p>Underestimate the similarity of twins' personalities and underestimate heritability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the pattern of MZ and DZ twin correlations suggest about the heritability of personality?

    <p>Half of the personality variance is due to genes and the other half is due to unshared environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the lack of shared environmental factors influencing personality mean for parental influence?

    <p>Parental influence makes twins dissimilar rather than similar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might some parents find it surprising that their parenting styles do not produce similar outcomes in their children's personalities?

    <p>They expect their children to have similar personalities due to similar parenting styles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was particularly unwelcome among developmental psychologists regarding the influence of parenting styles on child development?

    <p>The finding that similar parenting styles do not produce similar outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do many parents believe about shaping their children's personality, especially with their first child?

    <p>They believe they can shape their children's personality significantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the lack of shared environmental factors influencing personality mean for the shared environment?

    <p>It has a minimal impact on shaping personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might some parents learn from experience that their influence is rather limited when they have a second child?

    <p>Because they observe differences in personalities despite using the same parenting styles for both siblings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for MZ twins correlations to exceed two times the DZ correlations?

    <p>Genetic and non-additive genetic influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the standard formula for heritability estimation not work for phenotypes like eye color?

    <p>Limitations on explained variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do DZ correlations less than half of MZ correlations suggest about personality traits?

    <p>Additive and non-additive genetic influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are shared environment effects on personality considered minimal?

    <p>Similarity of MZ twins who grew up together and apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the decreasing influence of shared environment over time imply?

    <p>Decreasing similarity among twins or siblings in religiosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consensus about the percentage of personality trait variance caused by genetic differences?

    <p>Around 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do adoption studies and studies of children with different biological parents in the same household provide rare insights into?

    <p>Personality research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflects parents' early influence on personality but does not last into adulthood?

    <p>Decreasing MZ and DZ correlations with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenotypes do parents have a lasting influence on into early adulthood, indicating the impact of shared environment?

    <p>Religiosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does behavior genetics research emphasize about parenting's role in children's personalities?

    <p>Providing a supportive environment for children's unique personalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an additive model in genetics assume?

    <p>Phenotype is simply the sum of variants that influence a trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the example of eye color inheritance illustrate?

    <p>Phenotype is the result of complex gene interaction effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'gene by gene interaction' refer to?

    <p>Interaction between multiple genes influencing a trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem with the simple additive model in genetics?

    <p>It may not accurately represent how genes influence phenotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of genetics, what does 'non-additive effects' refer to?

    <p>$h^2$ representing non-additive genetic interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between gene-environment correlations and personality-situation correlations?

    <p>Gene-environment correlations focus on traits or phenotypes, while personality-situation correlations explain specific behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the '10,000 hours to gain expertise' idea suggest about skill development?

    <p>Most people will get pretty good at something they practice for 10,000 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the case of the Williams sisters illustrate about skill development?

    <p>Practice combined with genetic predisposition contributes to expertise in a particular skill.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of gene-environment correlations imply about the influence of genetic dispositions on individual interests?

    <p>Individual interests may have a genetic basis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 10,000 hours rule fail to account for in terms of skill development?

    <p>The role of genetic predisposition in skill development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the case of the author's guitar and Badminton experiences suggest about gene-environment correlations?

    <p>$r = .87$ correlation for height in MZ twins suggests that individuals' genetic dispositions may influence their interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the case of the author's guitar and Badminton experiences suggest about the influence of environmental factors on individual interests?

    <p>The environment may shape individual interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the best-known demonstration of the impact of inherited diseases according to the text?

    <p>Phenylketonuria (PKU)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misunderstanding about genetic factors in behavioral genetics, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>The focus on genetic factors supports fascist and eugenic ideologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the finding that sexual orientation is partially inherited lead to, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>An argument for gay and lesbian rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the use of heritability as a progressive argument for gay and lesbian rights demonstrate, according to the text?

    <p>Findings in behavioral genetics are independent of political and social implications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a problem with evidence of inherited dispositions when homosexuality was viewed as a disorder?

    <p>$h^2$ implies that some people were born with a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do individuals who believe that sexual orientation is innate tend to support, according to the text?

    <p>Gay and lesbian rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text imply about politics and values in arguments about heritability?

    <p>They are only involved when values are assigned to certain traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a relevant outcome of discovering Phenylketonuria (PKU), according to the text?

    <p>Avoiding negative consequences with a special diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about using heritability as an argument for societal change?

    <p>It became an argument for societal change when certain traits were viewed as normal variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about heritability coefficients?

    <p>High heritability coefficients imply fixed traits, when in fact they reflect low variability in environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the study of adolescent twins' musical abilities show about gene-environment correlations?

    <p>It shows gene-environment correlations, with practice time as the environmental variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the impact of genes and environment on musical abilities?

    <p>Genetic factors explain 20% of the variance in musical abilities, slightly stronger than the effect of practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for understanding skills and abilities according to the text?

    <p>Gene-environment correlations, emphasizing the impact of opportunity and practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can environmental effects be demonstrated for traits with high heritability?

    <p>By comparing different generations and observing changes in mean differences between generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did lifestyle changes demonstrate about environmental factors and heritability coefficients?

    <p>They produced notable increases in average Body-Mass-Index, demonstrating that environmental factors can influence traits despite high heritability coefficients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the review article from 2021 show about the variance genetic profiles could explain in a large number of phenotypes/characteristics?

    <p>The largest effect was found for childhood IQ scores (~ 25% of the variance)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the genetic profiles explain about personality traits like extraversion and neuroticism?

    <p>Genetic profiles explained about 10% of the variance in both extraversion and neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the text reveal about the effect size for drug use?

    <p>The effect size for drug use was between around 10+/- 5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the molecular genetics studies reveal about genes contributing to human diversity?

    <p>Molecular genetics provides direct evidence that genes contribute to human diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the second finding indicate about molecular genetics studies and twin studies?

    <p>'So far this approach explains only a portion of the variance that twin studies attribute to genes'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the text suggest about finding genetic predictors of important personality traits and life outcomes?

    <p>Extremely large samples are needed to find genetic profiles that are replicable across studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the text reveal about genetic profiles' ability to explain characteristics like happiness/life satisfaction, age of first intercourse, and number of children?

    <p>The smallest effect was found for happiness/life-satisfaction, age of first intercourse, and number of children (&lt; 5%)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a review article from 2021 demonstrate about genetic predictors' ability to explain homosexuality?

    <p>Genetic profile explained less than 10% of the variance in homosexuality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Twin Studies and Heritability

    • Behavioral geneticists use twin studies to separate genetic and environmental influences on traits.
    • Adoption studies with MZ twins show that the correlation between phenotypes can be interpreted as the heritability coefficient.
    • The causal model in Figure 8.2 explains the observed correlation between twins' phenotypes.
    • A study of MZ twins who grew up apart showed a correlation of r =.87 for height, suggesting 87% heritability.
    • The same study found an average correlation of r =.5 for personality traits, suggesting 50% heritability.
    • A key limitation of the study is the rarity of twins and adoptions, and the inability to replicate results.
    • The classic twin design compares the similarity between MZ and DZ twins raised together.
    • The design aims to separate the influence of genes and shared environment, assuming equal shared environments for MZ and DZ twins.
    • Assumptions include no assortative mating and that genetic similarity of DZ twins is half of MZ twins.
    • The classic twin design uses a causal model to estimate heritability and shared environment influence.
    • A study found a correlation of r =.93 for MZ twins’ height and r =.48 for DZ twins’ height, illustrating the classic twin design.
    • The heritability coefficient can be computed by subtracting the DZ correlation from the MZ correlation.

    Influence of Parents on Children's Personality Traits

    • Parents may try to influence their children's personality traits, such as politeness, hard work, and outgoing nature, but this influence may be limited.
    • Adoption studies, which avoid genetic similarity between parents and children, are essential for understanding the influence of shared environment on personality traits.
    • A rare adoption study of personality traits related to the Big Five found that the shared environment may contribute to adolescents' personalities.
    • The strongest shared environment effect in the adoption study was found for a scale called "Traditionalism," linked to the Liberalism facet of Openness to Experience.
    • Results from the adoption study suggest that genes explain 40% of the variance in personality traits, while the shared environment explains 20%.
    • Measurement error in classic twin studies may underestimate the similarity of twins' personalities and underestimate heritability.
    • Studies using a multi-method approach found that some of the unshared environmental variance in twin studies could be measurement error, leading to increased heritability estimates.
    • Unshared environmental factors in twin studies may not be identifiable and could be random processes that occur during human development.
    • The development of a human adult from an embryo to an adult is complex, leading to differences in individuals despite starting with the same DNA.
    • Handedness is an example of unshared biological development, with about 10% of the population being left-handed, which is not actively influenced by parents.
    • Handedness could be influenced by recessive genes, similar to eye color, where two brown-eyed parents carrying a blue-eye allele could have a blue-eyed child with a 25% chance.
    • Understanding the influence of shared and unshared environment on personality traits requires more evidence from adoption studies and a multi-method approach to measurement.

    Genetic and Environmental Influences on Personality

    • DZ twins are less similar in phenotypes due to dominant-recessive and interaction effects, while MZ twins have identical genes and inherit the same interaction effects.
    • MZ twins correlations can exceed two times the DZ correlations due to the impact of genetic and non-additive genetic influences.
    • The standard formula for heritability estimation does not work for phenotypes like eye color due to limitations on explained variance.
    • Some personality traits show DZ correlations less than half of MZ correlations, suggesting both additive and non-additive genetic influences.
    • The consensus is that around 50% of personality trait variance is caused by genetic differences, with the remaining variance reflecting random factors.
    • Shared environment effects on personality are minimal, as evidenced by the similarity of MZ twins who grew up together and apart.
    • Adoption studies and studies of children with different biological parents in the same household are rare in the context of personality research.
    • Parental influences on behavior are distinct from influences on personality, and parents can still influence behavior even when children are independent.
    • Parents have an early influence on personality, but this influence does not last into adulthood, as seen in decreasing MZ and DZ correlations with age.
    • Parents have a lasting influence on some phenotypes, such as religiosity, into early adulthood, indicating the impact of shared environment.
    • The decreasing influence of shared environment over time implies decreasing similarity among twins or siblings in religiosity.
    • Behavior genetics research changes the perception of parenting by emphasizing the role of parents in providing a supportive environment for children's unique personalities.

    Expertise, Gene-Environment Correlations, and Misconceptions about Heritability

    • The 10,000-hour rule for expertise suggests that passion and motivation to invest time in an activity are crucial to achieving expertise.
    • Personal experience in academic psychology highlights the importance of passion and investment of time in developing expertise.
    • Success in life often stems from finding and pursuing one's passion, allowing individuals to overcome obstacles and invest time in their chosen field.
    • Environmental predictors for personality traits like the Big Five are not reliable, making it challenging to study gene-environment correlations for personality traits.
    • A study of adolescent twins' musical abilities shows gene-environment correlations, with practice time as the environmental variable.
    • Genetic variance accounts for 37% of the variance in practice times, and shared environment explains 44% of the variance, indicating the influence of both genes and environment.
    • Practice times moderately affect musical abilities, with genetic factors explaining 20% of the variance, slightly stronger than the effect of practice.
    • Shared environmental factors, including parental influences, play a significant role in influencing practice times and abilities.
    • Gene-environment correlations are crucial for understanding skills and abilities, emphasizing the impact of opportunity and practice.
    • Misconceptions about heritability include the belief that high heritability coefficients imply fixed traits, when in fact they reflect low variability in environmental factors.
    • Environmental effects can be demonstrated for traits with high heritability by comparing different generations and observing changes in mean differences between generations.
    • While individual variation in each generation is substantially heritable, lifestyle changes have produced notable increases in average Body-Mass-Index, demonstrating that environmental factors can influence traits despite high heritability coefficients.

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