Nature of Matter and Chemical Compounds

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Questions and Answers

Which condition indicates that an object is in a state of equilibrium?

  • The object is moving with a constant velocity upwards.
  • The object experiences continuous acceleration.
  • The forces acting on the object are unbalanced.
  • The resultant of all the forces acting on it is zero. (correct)

How is Mechanical Advantage (MA) calculated?

  • MA = Speed of load / Speed of effort
  • MA = Effort / Load
  • MA = Load / Effort (correct)
  • MA = Load + Effort

What type of lever is represented by a wheelbarrow?

  • Compound lever
  • First-class lever
  • Third-class lever
  • Second-class lever (correct)

What is the relationship defined by Hooke's Law?

<p>Strain is directly proportional to applied stress below the elastic limit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which force is responsible for resisting a crushing force in materials?

<p>Compression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stress occurs when forces slide adjacent layers of a body over one another?

<p>Shear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'Residual Stress' in materials?

<p>Internal stresses caused by uneven temperature changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the center of gravity (CG) of an aircraft?

<p>The balance point for the aircraft. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of work defined as force multiplied by distance?

<p>Joule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the energy that can be transformed into kinetic energy when an object is in motion?

<p>Kinetic Energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes inertia?

<p>Inertia is the property of a mass that resists changes in its state of motion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Newton's first law of motion?

<p>It indicates that an external net force is required to change the state of motion of an object. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unit is equivalent to one horsepower?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of energy forms, what does the law of conservation of energy state?

<p>Energy can change from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a force of 50 newtons is used to move an object 5 meters, how much work is done?

<p>250 Joules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is represented when an object held at a height possesses energy due to its position?

<p>Potential Energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect describes the reduction of static pressure through a constriction in a fluid?

<p>Venturi Effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly explains why lift is generated on an aircraft wing?

<p>Higher speed of air over the top of the wing reduces pressure compared to below. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of thermodynamics, what does the Conservation of Energy principle state?

<p>Energy can only be converted from one form to another. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for heat transfer by conduction?

<p>Physical contact between materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines a calorie in terms of heat measurement?

<p>Heat required to raise one gram of water by one degree Celsius (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of heat transfer by bulk movement of fluid called?

<p>Convection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which unit is recognized as the SI unit for all forms of energy?

<p>Joule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to fluid as it is heated during the convection process?

<p>It becomes less dense and rises. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the specific heat of a substance measure?

<p>Calories required to raise 1 gram of the substance by 1°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature at absolute zero in Celsius?

<p>-273°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scale uses 180 increments between the freezing and boiling points of water?

<p>Fahrenheit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes latent heat?

<p>It raises temperature without changing the state of the substance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Boyle's Law, what happens to the pressure of a gas when its volume is halved at constant temperature?

<p>The pressure doubles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meaning of sensible heat in terms of molecular activity?

<p>It causes a detectable increase in temperature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct formula to convert Celsius to Kelvin?

<p>K = °C + 273 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the heat capacity of a substance?

<p>The heat required to raise the temperature by one degree (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Charles' Law indicate about the relationship between the volume of a gas and its temperature?

<p>Volume increases linearly with temperature at constant pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of thermodynamics, what does the second law state regarding heat flow?

<p>Heat will only flow from a warmer body to a cooler body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the first law of thermodynamics?

<p>Heat energy can be transformed but not destroyed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of heat in a gas turbine engine?

<p>To expand gases and do work. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mathematical expression defines the concept of work in physics as described in the content?

<p>W = Fd (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the heat produced during the combustion process?

<p>Heat is a by-product and can be wasted. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the equation W = Fs illustrate in a practical scenario?

<p>Force multiplied by distance results in work done. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the change in internal energy of a gas system without heat transfer?

<p>Adiabatic process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence supports the wave theory of light?

<p>Light can be reflected and refracted. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the speed of light?

<p>It is approximately $3 x 10^8$ m/s in a vacuum. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cladding in an optical fibre?

<p>To prevent light leakage from the core. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes dispersion in light?

<p>Different colors of light are refracted by varying amounts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of light changes when it travels from air to water?

<p>Its speed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the law of reflection, what is true regarding the angle of incidence and angle of reflection?

<p>They are equal to each other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor affects the angle of refraction when light passes through a material?

<p>The density of the material. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of an optical fibre prevents physical damage?

<p>The buffer or outer coating. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property allows a spinning top to resist changes to its plane of rotation until an external force acts upon it?

<p>Gyroscopic rigidity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best explains the relationship between viscosity and temperature for most liquids?

<p>Viscosity decreases with increasing temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a low viscosity index in lubricating oils used in aircraft?

<p>It ensures viscosity remains relatively stable over varying temperatures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect allows a fluid to remain attached to a convex surface, such as around a curved balloon?

<p>Coanda Effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to air pressure as an airplane encounters the atmosphere while in flight?

<p>It decreases due to high velocity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which boundary layer characteristic is crucial for maintaining airflow attachment around an object?

<p>Sufficient curvature of the object (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid property primarily determines the resistance to flow?

<p>Viscosity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the change of the plane of rotation in a gyroscope caused by an external force?

<p>Precession (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Bernoulli's principle relate the speed of a moving fluid to its pressure?

<p>Increasing speed results in decreased pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Venturi Effect describe?

<p>The reduction of static pressure through a constriction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily driven by bulk movement of fluid?

<p>Convection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly defines thermal energy?

<p>Energy associated with the transfer of heat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of one calorie in terms of heat?

<p>The heat required to raise one gram of water by one degree Celsius. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a fluid as it is heated during convection?

<p>The fluid loses density and rises. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the pressure exerted by a column of liquid?

<p>The vertical height of the column, gravity, and the density of the fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the law of conservation of energy apply to thermal energy?

<p>Thermal energy can be converted from and to other forms of energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Archimedes' principle, what will happen if an object displaces more fluid than its own weight?

<p>It will float (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which unit is considered the standard metric unit for all forms of energy?

<p>Joule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic correctly describes liquids compared to gases?

<p>Liquids have a constant density, while gases have a variable density (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific gravity of a substance relative to water if it is 1.5 times denser than water?

<p>1.5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in fluids when pressure is applied according to Pascal's law?

<p>The liquid exerts an equal pressure at right angles to the container (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between displacement and distance in the context of an aircraft's movement?

<p>Distance is a scalar quantity while displacement is a vector quantity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is velocity distinct from speed?

<p>Velocity accounts for direction while speed does not (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding buoyancy forces?

<p>Buoyancy forces are equal to the weight of the fluid displaced (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of inertia as described in Newton's first law of motion?

<p>A body will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the unit of work in both the SI and Imperial measurement systems?

<p>One joule is equivalent to 1 newton per meter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly identifies the relationship between potential energy and kinetic energy?

<p>Total energy remains constant when potential energy transforms into kinetic energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that distinguishes power from work?

<p>Power accounts for the time it takes to do work. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is work done according to the equation W = FS?

<p>When an object is moved by a force acting in the direction of the distance traveled. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of conservation of energy imply?

<p>The total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When referring to kinetic energy, what key factor determines its magnitude?

<p>The mass of the object and its velocity at a specific point. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes how energy changes form during the motion of a falling object?

<p>As the object falls, potential energy decreases while kinetic energy increases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to light when it travels from air into water?

<p>It slows down and bends towards the normal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of light best explains why Polaroid lenses can block certain light waves?

<p>Polarisation allows only specific planes of light to pass. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that light experiences a Doppler effect?

<p>It is affected by the motion of the source relative to the observer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the mass of photons in the context of light?

<p>Photons are massless particles that travel at the speed of light. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of an optical fibre is responsible for protecting it from physical damage?

<p>The outer coating or buffer provides the necessary protection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the index of refraction change with the wavelength of light?

<p>It increases as the wavelength decreases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the speed of light in a vacuum, typically represented by 'c'?

<p>Both B and C are correct. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle explains why the angle of incidence of light equals the angle of reflection?

<p>The law of reflection dictates that angles are equal when light reflects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes latent heat from sensible heat?

<p>Latent heat is involved in changing the state of a substance, while sensible heat increases temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When comparing the Celsius and Kelvin scales, what is a key difference?

<p>Celsius is based on water's melting and boiling points, while Kelvin is based on gas laws. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes Boyle's Law?

<p>The volume of a gas decreases if the temperature is held constant and the pressure increases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the latent heat of fusion primarily responsible for?

<p>Melting a solid into a liquid without a temperature change. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the Rankine scale is accurate?

<p>It has a zero point equivalent to absolute zero. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is specific heat of a substance defined?

<p>It measures the thermal energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram by 1°C. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the pressure of a gas when its volume is reduced to one-half while maintaining constant temperature?

<p>The pressure doubles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does specific heat play in thermal regulation?

<p>It determines how easily a substance can change its temperature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Equilibrium

The state of a body where the resultant of all forces acting on it is zero, meaning it's not accelerating.

Simple Machine

A device used to gain mechanical advantage.

Mechanical Advantage (MA)

The ratio of load to effort in a simple machine.

Stress

The force acting through a material section, measured as force per unit area.

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Strain

The deformation of a material due to stress.

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Hooke's Law

Within the elastic limit, strain is directly proportional to applied stress.

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Couple

A moment caused by two equal forces acting in parallel but opposite directions on different points of a body.

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Centre of Gravity

The balance point of an object.

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Harmonic

A multiple of the fundamental frequency of a vibrating system. For example, the 2nd harmonic is twice the fundamental frequency.

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Inertia

The tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion. The larger the mass, the greater the inertia.

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Newton's First Law

A body at rest will stay at rest, and a body in motion will stay in motion at a constant speed and direction, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

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Work

The amount of energy transferred when a force moves an object over a distance.

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Power

The rate at which work is done. It tells you how quickly energy is transferred.

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Watt

The standard unit of power, equal to one joule per second.

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Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.

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Bernoulli's Principle

As the speed of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases.

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Venturi Effect

The reduction of static pressure through a constricted area in a flowing fluid.

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Lift Force

An upward force generated by the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of an airfoil (like a wing).

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Thermal Energy

Energy related to the transfer or loss of heat.

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Conduction

Heat transfer through direct contact between objects of different temperatures.

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Convection

Heat transfer by the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).

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Calorie (cal)

Unit of energy, equal to the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

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Charles' Law

The volume of a gas increases proportionally to its absolute temperature when pressure remains constant. Doubling the temperature doubles the volume.

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Adiabatic Process

A process where heat is neither added nor removed from a system. The temperature change occurs internally, not through external heat transfer.

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General Gas Law

Combines Boyle's Law and Charles' Law to relate pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas.

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First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

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Second Law of Thermodynamics

Heat naturally flows from a warmer body to a cooler body.

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Heat of Combustion

Heat produced when fuel burns. It can be useful (like in an engine) or unwanted (like in a car engine).

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Work (Physics)

Energy transferred when a force moves an object over a distance. Calculated as force multiplied by distance: W = Fs

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Specific Heat

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

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Heat Capacity (C)

The amount of heat required to change the temperature of an entire substance by one degree.

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Celsius (°C)

A temperature scale where pure ice melts at 0° and pure water boils at 100°.

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Kelvin (K)

A temperature scale where absolute zero, the point of no molecular activity, is 0K. Has 100 increments between freezing and boiling.

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Latent Heat

Heat absorbed or released during a change of state (solid to liquid, liquid to gas) without a temperature change.

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Sensible Heat

Heat that causes a temperature change.

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What happens to gas pressure when volume decreases?

The pressure of the gas increases.

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Light

Electromagnetic radiation detectable by the human eye. It exhibits wave-like properties and is also composed of particles called photons.

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Speed of Light

The constant speed at which light travels in a vacuum - approximately 3 x 10⁸ m/s (300,000 km/s or 186,000 mph).

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Reflection of Light

The bouncing back of light waves when they hit a surface that doesn't absorb all the energy. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

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Refraction

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another with a different density. This happens because light travels at different speeds in different materials.

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Index of Refraction

A measure of how much light bends when it enters a material. Higher index = denser material.

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Dispersion

The separation of white light into different colors (wavelengths) due to varying refraction indices.

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Optical Fiber

A thin strand of glass transmitting light with minimal absorption. Light travels internally, even when the fiber bends, making it ideal for data transmission.

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Optical Fiber Cable

A bundle of optical fibers protected by an outer coating. Offers vast data transmission capabilities.

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Fluid

A substance that can flow and take the shape of its container. Examples include liquids and gases.

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Buoyancy

An upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an object submerged in it.

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Archimedes' Principle

An object submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

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Density

The amount of mass per unit volume of a substance. Denser objects are heavier for their size.

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Specific Gravity

The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water. It tells you how much heavier or lighter it is than water.

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Pressure in Fluids

The force exerted by a fluid per unit area. It increases with depth and depends on the fluid's density and gravity.

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Pascal's Law

Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally throughout the fluid in all directions.

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Displacement vs. Distance

Displacement is the shortest distance between a starting point and a finishing point. Distance is the total path traveled.

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Potential Energy

The stored energy an object possesses due to its position, condition, or chemical nature.

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Gyroscopic Rigidity

The tendency of a rotating object to resist changes in its plane of rotation. This is due to its inertia, which acts like a force keeping it spinning in the same direction.

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Precession

The change in the plane of rotation of a spinning object, caused by an external force.

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Fluid Incompressibility

A property of liquids where they are difficult to compress and can maintain a relatively constant volume, even under pressure.

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Fluid Compressibility

A property of gases where they readily change volume under pressure, allowing them to be easily compressed.

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Viscosity

The resistance of a fluid to flow. Thicker fluids have higher viscosities and flow slower.

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Viscosity Index

A measure of how much the viscosity of a fluid changes with temperature.

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Coanda Effect

The tendency of a fluid to stick to a curved surface, causing it to flow around the curve.

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Boundary Layer

The region of a fluid flow where the speed is reduced due to friction with a surface.

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Lift Force (on an aircraft wing)

The upward force generated by the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of an airfoil, caused by the higher velocity of air flow over the upper surface.

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British thermal unit (btu)

A unit of energy, equal to the heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

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Heat Capacity

The amount of heat required to change the temperature of an entire substance by one degree.

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Visible Light

Electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the human eye.

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Light's Duality

Light exhibits wave-like properties but also behaves like particles called photons.

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Study Notes

Nature of Matter

  • Matter occupies space and has mass, existing in solid, liquid, and gaseous states.
  • Elements are the simplest forms of matter, composed of atoms.
  • Atoms consist of protons (positive charge), neutrons (neutral charge), and electrons (negative charge) with a dense nucleus.
  • Electrons exist in shells. Maximum number of electrons in each shell = 2n2, where n is the shell number.
  • Ions are atoms that have lost or gained electrons. Losing electrons creates positive ions; gaining electrons creates negative ions.
  • Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
  • Compounds are formed when elements combine, creating identical molecules with the atoms in specific proportions.
  • Mixtures contain two or more substances with retained individual characteristics, such as saltwater.

Chemical Compounds

  • There are 109 known elements.
  • Most matter around us are compounds, formed from combining elements.
  • Compounds have molecules containing identical atoms in specific proportions.
  • Atoms chemically bond together, transferring electrons, creating molecules.

Topic 2: Statics

  • A force changes a body's motion (starting, stopping, accelerating, or decelerating a mass).
  • Forces can do work if energy is available.
  • When the resultant forces acting on an object are zero, it is in equilibrium (neither accelerating nor decelerating).
  • A lever is an example of a simple machine providing mechanical advantage (MA = Load/Effort).
  • Examples of levers include crowbars, throttles, and wheelbarrows.

Topic 2.3 Dynamics

  • Inertia is a property of mass that resists changes in its state of motion.
  • Newton's first law of motion states that a body will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless an external force acts upon it.
  • Work is done when a force acts on an object and overcomes inertia, and it is calculated as W = Fs, where F is force and S is distance.
  • The unit of work is a joule.

Topic 2.4 Fluid Dynamics

  • A liquid is incompressible and a gas is compressible.
  • Viscosity is a fluid's resistance to flow. Thick fluids have higher viscosity than thin fluids. Viscosity index shows how the viscosity changes with temperature changes, and is important for lubricating oils.
  • A fluid's tendency to follow corners, like observed by the Coanda Effect, allows fluids to remain attached to a curved surface because the flow contracts near the concave surface.

Topic 2.4 Fluid Dynamics

  • A liquid is incompressible and a gas is compressible.
  • Viscosity is a fluid's resistance to flow. Thick fluids have higher viscosity than thin fluids. Viscosity index shows how the viscosity changes with temperature changes, and is important for lubricating oils.
  • A fluid's tendency to follow corners, like observed by the Coanda Effect, allows fluids to remain attached to a curved surface because the flow contracts near the concave surface.

Topic 3: Thermodynamics

  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it only changes forms.
  • Thermal energy is associated with the application, transfer, or loss of heat.
  • Thermal energy is convertible to other forms of energy (electrical, mechanical, chemical, nuclear).
  • Bernoulli's principle states that when fluid speed increases, fluid pressure decreases.

Heat Transfer

  • Conduction involves heat transfer through direct contact.
  • Convection involves heat transfer by the movement of a fluid.
  • Heating water in a kettle, heating air in a house, and the circulation of atmospheric heat are examples of convection.
  • Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to change 1 gram (or 1 pound) of a substance by 1°C (or 1°F).

Temperature Scales

  • The Kelvin scale (K), Celsius scale (°C), Fahrenheit scale (°F), and Rankine scale (°R) are used to measure temperature.
  • Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature, where molecular motion stops.

Latent and Sensible Heat

  • Latent heat is the heat needed for a change in state (like melting or boiling) without changing temperature.
  • Sensible heat is the heat that causes a change in temperature without changing state.

Gas Laws

  • Gases are compressible, unlike solids or liquids.
  • Boyle's Law: Pressure and volume vary inversely (if one doubles, the other halves) when temperature is constant.
  • Charles' Law: Volume and temperature change proportionally when pressure is constant.
  • The general gas law combines Boyle's and Charles' laws.

Combustion

  • Fuel combustion produces heat which may or may not be useful to the system.
  • E.g.: heat in car engines or waste heat to be dissipated.
  • E.g.: gas turbines use combustion energy to expand gases and this creates thrust.
  • Power is calculated by multiplying the force applied by the distance moved, W = Fs.

Topic 4: Optics(Light)

  • Visible light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Light travels at 3 x 108 m/s.
  • Light can be composed of waves or particles (photons).
  • Reflection of light is when light bounces off a surface.
  • Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another (e.g., from air to water). The angle of refraction depends on the material's density.
  • Dispersion is the separation of light into its component colours (wavelengths) when passing through a prism or other material. Materials have different refractive indices for different wavelengths resulting in dispersion.

Topic 5: Wave Motion and Sound

  • Waves transfer energy through a medium.
  • Waves have properties like amplitude, wavelength, and frequency.
  • Reflection means the wave bounces back from the surface.
  • Refraction means the wave changes direction and speed when passing through a different material.
  • Diffraction is when waves bend around an obstacle.
  • Interference occurs when waves overlap causing waves to either amplify or cancel each other out in superposition states.
  • Standing waves are created when waves interfere constructively in a resonator causing vibration and or sound and heat.
  • Sound is a longitudinal wave, traveling through a medium, with a speed that depends on temperature.
  • Doppler effect describes the change in frequency of a wave when the source or observer is moving relative to each other.

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Nature of Matter and Chemical Compounds
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Nature of Matter and Chemical Compounds

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Nature of Matter and Chemical Compounds
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Nature of Matter and Chemical Compounds

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ConsummateGlacier
Chemical Reactions and Compounds
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Chemical Reactions and Compounds

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