Nature of Matter and Chemical Compounds
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Questions and Answers

Which condition indicates that an object is in a state of equilibrium?

  • The object is moving with a constant velocity upwards.
  • The object experiences continuous acceleration.
  • The forces acting on the object are unbalanced.
  • The resultant of all the forces acting on it is zero. (correct)

    • How is Mechanical Advantage (MA) calculated?

  • MA = Speed of load / Speed of effort
  • MA = Effort / Load
  • MA = Load / Effort (correct)
  • MA = Load + Effort

    • What type of lever is represented by a wheelbarrow?

  • Compound lever
  • First-class lever
  • Third-class lever
  • Second-class lever (correct)

    • What is the relationship defined by Hooke's Law?

    <p>Strain is directly proportional to applied stress below the elastic limit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which force is responsible for resisting a crushing force in materials?

    <p>Compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stress occurs when forces slide adjacent layers of a body over one another?

    <p>Shear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'Residual Stress' in materials?

    <p>Internal stresses caused by uneven temperature changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the center of gravity (CG) of an aircraft?

    <p>The balance point for the aircraft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of work defined as force multiplied by distance?

    <p>Joule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the energy that can be transformed into kinetic energy when an object is in motion?

    <p>Kinetic Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes inertia?

    <p>Inertia is the property of a mass that resists changes in its state of motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Newton's first law of motion?

    <p>It indicates that an external net force is required to change the state of motion of an object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unit is equivalent to one horsepower?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of energy forms, what does the law of conservation of energy state?

    <p>Energy can change from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a force of 50 newtons is used to move an object 5 meters, how much work is done?

    <p>250 Joules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy is represented when an object held at a height possesses energy due to its position?

    <p>Potential Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect describes the reduction of static pressure through a constriction in a fluid?

    <p>Venturi Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly explains why lift is generated on an aircraft wing?

    <p>Higher speed of air over the top of the wing reduces pressure compared to below.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of thermodynamics, what does the Conservation of Energy principle state?

    <p>Energy can only be converted from one form to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for heat transfer by conduction?

    <p>Physical contact between materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines a calorie in terms of heat measurement?

    <p>Heat required to raise one gram of water by one degree Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of heat transfer by bulk movement of fluid called?

    <p>Convection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unit is recognized as the SI unit for all forms of energy?

    <p>Joule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to fluid as it is heated during the convection process?

    <p>It becomes less dense and rises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the specific heat of a substance measure?

    <p>Calories required to raise 1 gram of the substance by 1°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature at absolute zero in Celsius?

    <p>-273°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale uses 180 increments between the freezing and boiling points of water?

    <p>Fahrenheit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes latent heat?

    <p>It raises temperature without changing the state of the substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Boyle's Law, what happens to the pressure of a gas when its volume is halved at constant temperature?

    <p>The pressure doubles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meaning of sensible heat in terms of molecular activity?

    <p>It causes a detectable increase in temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct formula to convert Celsius to Kelvin?

    <p>K = °C + 273</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the heat capacity of a substance?

    <p>The heat required to raise the temperature by one degree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Charles' Law indicate about the relationship between the volume of a gas and its temperature?

    <p>Volume increases linearly with temperature at constant pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of thermodynamics, what does the second law state regarding heat flow?

    <p>Heat will only flow from a warmer body to a cooler body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the first law of thermodynamics?

    <p>Heat energy can be transformed but not destroyed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of heat in a gas turbine engine?

    <p>To expand gases and do work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mathematical expression defines the concept of work in physics as described in the content?

    <p>W = Fd</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the heat produced during the combustion process?

    <p>Heat is a by-product and can be wasted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the equation W = Fs illustrate in a practical scenario?

    <p>Force multiplied by distance results in work done.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the change in internal energy of a gas system without heat transfer?

    <p>Adiabatic process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the wave theory of light?

    <p>Light can be reflected and refracted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the speed of light?

    <p>It is approximately $3 x 10^8$ m/s in a vacuum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cladding in an optical fibre?

    <p>To prevent light leakage from the core.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes dispersion in light?

    <p>Different colors of light are refracted by varying amounts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of light changes when it travels from air to water?

    <p>Its speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the law of reflection, what is true regarding the angle of incidence and angle of reflection?

    <p>They are equal to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor affects the angle of refraction when light passes through a material?

    <p>The density of the material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of an optical fibre prevents physical damage?

    <p>The buffer or outer coating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property allows a spinning top to resist changes to its plane of rotation until an external force acts upon it?

    <p>Gyroscopic rigidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best explains the relationship between viscosity and temperature for most liquids?

    <p>Viscosity decreases with increasing temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a low viscosity index in lubricating oils used in aircraft?

    <p>It ensures viscosity remains relatively stable over varying temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect allows a fluid to remain attached to a convex surface, such as around a curved balloon?

    <p>Coanda Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to air pressure as an airplane encounters the atmosphere while in flight?

    <p>It decreases due to high velocity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which boundary layer characteristic is crucial for maintaining airflow attachment around an object?

    <p>Sufficient curvature of the object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluid property primarily determines the resistance to flow?

    <p>Viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the change of the plane of rotation in a gyroscope caused by an external force?

    <p>Precession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Bernoulli's principle relate the speed of a moving fluid to its pressure?

    <p>Increasing speed results in decreased pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Venturi Effect describe?

    <p>The reduction of static pressure through a constriction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily driven by bulk movement of fluid?

    <p>Convection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly defines thermal energy?

    <p>Energy associated with the transfer of heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of one calorie in terms of heat?

    <p>The heat required to raise one gram of water by one degree Celsius.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a fluid as it is heated during convection?

    <p>The fluid loses density and rises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the pressure exerted by a column of liquid?

    <p>The vertical height of the column, gravity, and the density of the fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the law of conservation of energy apply to thermal energy?

    <p>Thermal energy can be converted from and to other forms of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Archimedes' principle, what will happen if an object displaces more fluid than its own weight?

    <p>It will float</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unit is considered the standard metric unit for all forms of energy?

    <p>Joule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic correctly describes liquids compared to gases?

    <p>Liquids have a constant density, while gases have a variable density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific gravity of a substance relative to water if it is 1.5 times denser than water?

    <p>1.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in fluids when pressure is applied according to Pascal's law?

    <p>The liquid exerts an equal pressure at right angles to the container</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between displacement and distance in the context of an aircraft's movement?

    <p>Distance is a scalar quantity while displacement is a vector quantity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is velocity distinct from speed?

    <p>Velocity accounts for direction while speed does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding buoyancy forces?

    <p>Buoyancy forces are equal to the weight of the fluid displaced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of inertia as described in Newton's first law of motion?

    <p>A body will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the unit of work in both the SI and Imperial measurement systems?

    <p>One joule is equivalent to 1 newton per meter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly identifies the relationship between potential energy and kinetic energy?

    <p>Total energy remains constant when potential energy transforms into kinetic energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that distinguishes power from work?

    <p>Power accounts for the time it takes to do work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario is work done according to the equation W = FS?

    <p>When an object is moved by a force acting in the direction of the distance traveled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the law of conservation of energy imply?

    <p>The total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When referring to kinetic energy, what key factor determines its magnitude?

    <p>The mass of the object and its velocity at a specific point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes how energy changes form during the motion of a falling object?

    <p>As the object falls, potential energy decreases while kinetic energy increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to light when it travels from air into water?

    <p>It slows down and bends towards the normal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of light best explains why Polaroid lenses can block certain light waves?

    <p>Polarisation allows only specific planes of light to pass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that light experiences a Doppler effect?

    <p>It is affected by the motion of the source relative to the observer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the mass of photons in the context of light?

    <p>Photons are massless particles that travel at the speed of light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of an optical fibre is responsible for protecting it from physical damage?

    <p>The outer coating or buffer provides the necessary protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the index of refraction change with the wavelength of light?

    <p>It increases as the wavelength decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the speed of light in a vacuum, typically represented by 'c'?

    <p>Both B and C are correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle explains why the angle of incidence of light equals the angle of reflection?

    <p>The law of reflection dictates that angles are equal when light reflects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes latent heat from sensible heat?

    <p>Latent heat is involved in changing the state of a substance, while sensible heat increases temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When comparing the Celsius and Kelvin scales, what is a key difference?

    <p>Celsius is based on water's melting and boiling points, while Kelvin is based on gas laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes Boyle's Law?

    <p>The volume of a gas decreases if the temperature is held constant and the pressure increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the latent heat of fusion primarily responsible for?

    <p>Melting a solid into a liquid without a temperature change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the Rankine scale is accurate?

    <p>It has a zero point equivalent to absolute zero.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is specific heat of a substance defined?

    <p>It measures the thermal energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram by 1°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pressure of a gas when its volume is reduced to one-half while maintaining constant temperature?

    <p>The pressure doubles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does specific heat play in thermal regulation?

    <p>It determines how easily a substance can change its temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nature of Matter

    • Matter occupies space and has mass, existing in solid, liquid, and gaseous states.
    • Elements are the simplest forms of matter, composed of atoms.
    • Atoms consist of protons (positive charge), neutrons (neutral charge), and electrons (negative charge) with a dense nucleus.
    • Electrons exist in shells. Maximum number of electrons in each shell = 2n2, where n is the shell number.
    • Ions are atoms that have lost or gained electrons. Losing electrons creates positive ions; gaining electrons creates negative ions.
    • Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
    • Compounds are formed when elements combine, creating identical molecules with the atoms in specific proportions.
    • Mixtures contain two or more substances with retained individual characteristics, such as saltwater.

    Chemical Compounds

    • There are 109 known elements.
    • Most matter around us are compounds, formed from combining elements.
    • Compounds have molecules containing identical atoms in specific proportions.
    • Atoms chemically bond together, transferring electrons, creating molecules.

    Topic 2: Statics

    • A force changes a body's motion (starting, stopping, accelerating, or decelerating a mass).
    • Forces can do work if energy is available.
    • When the resultant forces acting on an object are zero, it is in equilibrium (neither accelerating nor decelerating).
    • A lever is an example of a simple machine providing mechanical advantage (MA = Load/Effort).
    • Examples of levers include crowbars, throttles, and wheelbarrows.

    Topic 2.3 Dynamics

    • Inertia is a property of mass that resists changes in its state of motion.
    • Newton's first law of motion states that a body will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless an external force acts upon it.
    • Work is done when a force acts on an object and overcomes inertia, and it is calculated as W = Fs, where F is force and S is distance.
    • The unit of work is a joule.

    Topic 2.4 Fluid Dynamics

    • A liquid is incompressible and a gas is compressible.
    • Viscosity is a fluid's resistance to flow. Thick fluids have higher viscosity than thin fluids. Viscosity index shows how the viscosity changes with temperature changes, and is important for lubricating oils.
    • A fluid's tendency to follow corners, like observed by the Coanda Effect, allows fluids to remain attached to a curved surface because the flow contracts near the concave surface.

    Topic 2.4 Fluid Dynamics

    • A liquid is incompressible and a gas is compressible.
    • Viscosity is a fluid's resistance to flow. Thick fluids have higher viscosity than thin fluids. Viscosity index shows how the viscosity changes with temperature changes, and is important for lubricating oils.
    • A fluid's tendency to follow corners, like observed by the Coanda Effect, allows fluids to remain attached to a curved surface because the flow contracts near the concave surface.

    Topic 3: Thermodynamics

    • Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it only changes forms.
    • Thermal energy is associated with the application, transfer, or loss of heat.
    • Thermal energy is convertible to other forms of energy (electrical, mechanical, chemical, nuclear).
    • Bernoulli's principle states that when fluid speed increases, fluid pressure decreases.

    Heat Transfer

    • Conduction involves heat transfer through direct contact.
    • Convection involves heat transfer by the movement of a fluid.
    • Heating water in a kettle, heating air in a house, and the circulation of atmospheric heat are examples of convection.
    • Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to change 1 gram (or 1 pound) of a substance by 1°C (or 1°F).

    Temperature Scales

    • The Kelvin scale (K), Celsius scale (°C), Fahrenheit scale (°F), and Rankine scale (°R) are used to measure temperature.
    • Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature, where molecular motion stops.

    Latent and Sensible Heat

    • Latent heat is the heat needed for a change in state (like melting or boiling) without changing temperature.
    • Sensible heat is the heat that causes a change in temperature without changing state.

    Gas Laws

    • Gases are compressible, unlike solids or liquids.
    • Boyle's Law: Pressure and volume vary inversely (if one doubles, the other halves) when temperature is constant.
    • Charles' Law: Volume and temperature change proportionally when pressure is constant.
    • The general gas law combines Boyle's and Charles' laws.

    Combustion

    • Fuel combustion produces heat which may or may not be useful to the system.
    • E.g.: heat in car engines or waste heat to be dissipated.
    • E.g.: gas turbines use combustion energy to expand gases and this creates thrust.
    • Power is calculated by multiplying the force applied by the distance moved, W = Fs.

    Topic 4: Optics(Light)

    • Visible light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Light travels at 3 x 108 m/s.
    • Light can be composed of waves or particles (photons).
    • Reflection of light is when light bounces off a surface.
    • Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another (e.g., from air to water). The angle of refraction depends on the material's density.
    • Dispersion is the separation of light into its component colours (wavelengths) when passing through a prism or other material. Materials have different refractive indices for different wavelengths resulting in dispersion.

    Topic 5: Wave Motion and Sound

    • Waves transfer energy through a medium.
    • Waves have properties like amplitude, wavelength, and frequency.
    • Reflection means the wave bounces back from the surface.
    • Refraction means the wave changes direction and speed when passing through a different material.
    • Diffraction is when waves bend around an obstacle.
    • Interference occurs when waves overlap causing waves to either amplify or cancel each other out in superposition states.
    • Standing waves are created when waves interfere constructively in a resonator causing vibration and or sound and heat.
    • Sound is a longitudinal wave, traveling through a medium, with a speed that depends on temperature.
    • Doppler effect describes the change in frequency of a wave when the source or observer is moving relative to each other.

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