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Questions and Answers
Which feature is NOT desired for the offspring in the Kendo and Bibby breeding?
Which feature is NOT desired for the offspring in the Kendo and Bibby breeding?
What characteristic of the Kendo male bird indicates its health in terms of disease resistance?
What characteristic of the Kendo male bird indicates its health in terms of disease resistance?
In natural selection, what is the primary outcome for certain organisms within a population?
In natural selection, what is the primary outcome for certain organisms within a population?
Which of the following terms refers to the variation of genes in a population?
Which of the following terms refers to the variation of genes in a population?
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What behavior is associated with the Bibby female bird when kept with other hens?
What behavior is associated with the Bibby female bird when kept with other hens?
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What is the significance of the number '6' in the breeding of Kendo and Bibby birds?
What is the significance of the number '6' in the breeding of Kendo and Bibby birds?
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Which statement best defines 'population' in a biological context?
Which statement best defines 'population' in a biological context?
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Which of the following is a common misconception about natural selection?
Which of the following is a common misconception about natural selection?
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What is essential for Natural Selection to occur?
What is essential for Natural Selection to occur?
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Which of the following statements about selective agents is true?
Which of the following statements about selective agents is true?
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What does the term 'Survival of the Fittest' specifically imply?
What does the term 'Survival of the Fittest' specifically imply?
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How can a poorly adapted organism still survive?
How can a poorly adapted organism still survive?
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What is necessary for variation to exist within a population?
What is necessary for variation to exist within a population?
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Which factor is NOT a selective agent?
Which factor is NOT a selective agent?
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What is the role of Sexual Selection in Natural Selection?
What is the role of Sexual Selection in Natural Selection?
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What can happen to traits that increase the likelihood of survival in an organism?
What can happen to traits that increase the likelihood of survival in an organism?
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What is the primary outcome of mitosis?
What is the primary outcome of mitosis?
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Which of the following processes creates genetic variation?
Which of the following processes creates genetic variation?
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What occurs during the crossing over phase of meiosis?
What occurs during the crossing over phase of meiosis?
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How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
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What is the significance of homologous chromosomes pairing in meiosis?
What is the significance of homologous chromosomes pairing in meiosis?
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Which of the following describes somatic cell reproduction?
Which of the following describes somatic cell reproduction?
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What happens to mutations during mitosis when offspring are formed?
What happens to mutations during mitosis when offspring are formed?
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Which of the following processes is primarily responsible for genetic diversity?
Which of the following processes is primarily responsible for genetic diversity?
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What is the purpose of the moth coloring activity described?
What is the purpose of the moth coloring activity described?
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What does resistance in insects refer to?
What does resistance in insects refer to?
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What event led to the development of insecticide resistance in certain insect populations?
What event led to the development of insecticide resistance in certain insect populations?
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Why do some bacteria become resistant to antibiotics over time?
Why do some bacteria become resistant to antibiotics over time?
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What is the consequence of bacteria multiplying quickly in the presence of antibiotics?
What is the consequence of bacteria multiplying quickly in the presence of antibiotics?
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What is the significance of Golden Staph in relation to bacterial infections?
What is the significance of Golden Staph in relation to bacterial infections?
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What historical event is linked to the discovery of antibiotics?
What historical event is linked to the discovery of antibiotics?
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Which statement best describes natural selection in the context of bacteria?
Which statement best describes natural selection in the context of bacteria?
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What is the main purpose of meiosis in the context of offspring traits?
What is the main purpose of meiosis in the context of offspring traits?
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How does crossing over affect the daughter cells produced by meiosis?
How does crossing over affect the daughter cells produced by meiosis?
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What role do selective agents play in natural selection as illustrated by the peppered moth study?
What role do selective agents play in natural selection as illustrated by the peppered moth study?
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What was observed about the peppered moths in urban areas during the industrial revolution?
What was observed about the peppered moths in urban areas during the industrial revolution?
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Which of the following statements about the environment affecting moth colors is true?
Which of the following statements about the environment affecting moth colors is true?
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What genetic outcome does meiosis specifically promote in offspring?
What genetic outcome does meiosis specifically promote in offspring?
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How did the industrial revolution impact the peppered moth in urban areas?
How did the industrial revolution impact the peppered moth in urban areas?
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Which of the following statements accurately summarizes natural selection based on the content?
Which of the following statements accurately summarizes natural selection based on the content?
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Study Notes
Natural Selection of Insects
- Agricultural scientists in the mid-20th century developed chemical insecticides, intending to eliminate insects but some survived.
- The insects' ability to survive the insecticide spray is called resistance.
- The survival of resistant insects is an example of natural selection.
- The insecticide eliminated non-resistant insects, allowing the resistant insects to breed and reproduce, generating more resistant offspring.
Natural Selection in Bacteria
- Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through natural selection.
- Some bacteria may have mutations that make them resistant to antibiotics, which are then passed on as they divide and multiply.
- Taking more antibiotics will not work when resistant bacteria have multiplied enough to cause illness.
Golden Staph
- Golden Staph is a particularly dangerous bacteria.
Super Animals
- The example uses a hypothetical scenario with two parent birds, "Kendo" and "Bibby," to illustrate selective breeding.
- The desired traits in the offspring are: 6 eggs per week, brown eggs, large eggs, bright yellow yolk, high disease resistance, and non-aggressive behavior.
Important Vocabulary
- Species: A group of organisms with shared characteristics that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
- Population: A group of the same species in a defined geographic area.
- Gene Pool: The variation of genes/alleles in a population.
- Evolution: The change in the frequency of genes/alleles in a population over time.
- Natural Selection: Natural forces act on a population, resulting in some organisms having more offspring than others.
Natural Selection
- Natural Selection can only occur if there are genetic differences between organisms.
- All organisms will adapt (or not adapt) in the same way to environmental changes if there is no genetic variation.
Selective Agents
- Selective Agents are environmental factors that trigger natural selection. Examples: predators, competition from other organisms, temperature, water, soil, and fire.
- Selective Agents often kill individuals less suited for the environment, referred to as "poorly adapted" or "less fit".
- Survival of the fittest means organisms best suited for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Survival of the Fittest
- The least fit organisms may not always be killed by selective agents; they may:
- Find it difficult to obtain food (slow, non-agile).
- Have trouble finding a mate.
- Sexual selection is a type of natural selection where organisms desired by the opposite sex produce more offspring.
Variation
- Natural selection requires variation within a population.
- Variation is natural differences caused by different genes.
- Genes code for alleles (genotypes), which influence physical characteristics (phenotypes).
The Process of Mitosis
- The body constantly needs new cells.
- Cell division creates new cells.
- When cells divide to create two identical "daughter cells," the process is called mitosis.
- Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells.
- There are no variations in the original DNA unless a mutation occurs.
- Mutations during mitosis are not passed on to offspring.
Comparative Overview
- There are two types of cell reproduction:
- Somatic (body) cells use mitosis to create clones of the original cell.
- Sex cells (eggs and sperm) use meiosis to create variation in the daughter cells.
The Process of Meiosis
- The product of meiosis is four different daughter cells.
- Each daughter cell contains variation compared to the parent cell.
How Variation Occurs in Meiosis...
- Homologous chromosomes, similar in shape and size, pair up closely.
- Chromosomes exchange segments of their genetic material during crossing over. This is like swapping pieces of a puzzle between two similar pictures.
- After crossing over, the chromosomes have a mix of genetic material from both parents, creating new combinations of genes.
- Homologous chromosomes separate and are distributed into different cells.
- Meiosis produces four unique sex cells, each with a different combination of genes.
The Final Step...
- Half of the DNA goes to each daughter cell.
- Cell division occurs again so that every daughter cell only has half of the DNA.
- Every daughter cell is different.
A Genetic Definition of Natural Selection
- The proportion of a particular phenotype in a species changes because individuals with a particular genotype are favored.
Evidence for Natural Selection
- The peppered moth exists in both light and dark forms.
- In cities, almost all peppered moths were black, while in rural areas, almost all were white.
- The industrial revolution caused soot to darken buildings and tree trunks in cities, making white moths easy for predators to see.
- Black moths survived and reproduced, making them more common in cities.
- In rural areas, the cleaner air and lighter tree trunks made black moths stand out, making them more vulnerable to predators.
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Description
Explore the fascinating process of natural selection as it relates to insects, bacteria, and antibiotic resistance. This quiz discusses how survival traits are passed on in various organisms, including a special focus on Golden Staph. Test your knowledge of these critical biological concepts and their implications for agriculture and health.
