Natural Selection & Evolution

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Questions and Answers

If a plant exhibits stunted growth and a pale green color, which mineral deficiency is MOST likely the cause?

  • Calcium
  • Iron
  • Magnesium
  • Nitrogen (correct)

What is the primary function of xylem in plants?

  • To transport water and mineral salts from the roots to the rest of the plant. (correct)
  • To provide structural support and store nutrients
  • To transport glucose from the leaves to the roots
  • To regulate gas exchange through stomata

In the process of transpiration, water vapor diffuses out of the leaves through which structures?

  • Lenticels
  • Stomata (correct)
  • Cuticles
  • Veins

Which of the following is NOT considered a primary organ of a flowering plant?

<p>Pollen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process directly relies on the presence of light and chlorophyll?

<p>Photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the number of deaths in a population is higher than the number of births, what will MOST likely happen to the population size?

<p>Decrease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process directly involves the loss of water vapor from a plant?

<p>Transpiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deforestation primarily leads to an increase in which of the following gases in the atmosphere?

<p>Carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of root hairs in a plant's root system?

<p>To increase the surface area for absorption of water and mineral salts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys, skin, and lungs work together in the human body to perform which essential function?

<p>Excretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does natural selection MOST directly affect the frequency of certain traits in a population?

<p>By increasing the frequency of advantageous traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation MOST directly illustrates 'survival of the fittest' as described by Charles Darwin?

<p>Organisms with advantageous traits for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a waste product removed by the excretory system?

<p>Urea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process where water is drawn up a plant due to evaporation from the leaves?

<p>Transpiration pull (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of species definition, which statement BEST describes why a horse and a donkey are considered different species?

<p>They can breed to produce an offspring, but the offspring is infertile (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of continuous variation in humans?

<p>Height (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the chromosomal composition of a typical human male?

<p>One X and one Y chromosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the process of fertilization, what is produced when a male gamete fuses with a female gamete?

<p>A zygote (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MAIN role of the placenta during pregnancy?

<p>To provide oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby and remove waste products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for pregnant women to avoid consuming large amounts of caffeine?

<p>It can slow down the growth and development of the fetus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential effect does smoking during pregnancy have on the fetus?

<p>Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST likely outcome for a baby born to a mother who misused non-medicinal drugs during pregnancy?

<p>Drug dependency at birth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Examine the food web. If the population of tree frogs were to suddenly decrease, which population would MOST likely be directly affected?

<p>Jaguar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following abiotic factors can lead to population changes in an ecosystem?

<p>Environmental changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A population of bacteria is treated with an antibiotic. Initially, most of the bacteria are killed, but some survive and later reproduce, leading to a population that is mostly resistant to the antibiotic. This is an example of?

<p>Natural selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Flowering Plant Organs

The five main organs of a flowering plant include the root, stem, leaf, flower, and bud.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants make carbohydrates using light's energy.

Photosynthesis Equation

Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen, in the presence of light and chlorophyll.

Plant mineral sources

Minerals are absorbed by roots with water. They are sourced from rock fragments, organic matter and fertilisers.

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Nitrate ions

Needed for protein synthesis and chlorophyll production in plants.

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Nitrogen Deficiency

Stunted/poor growth.

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Magnesium ions

Required to form the green pigment chlorophyll in leaves.

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Magnesium Deficiency

Yellowing of leaves due to chlorophyll breakdown.

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Root

Underground plant part; absorbs water and mineral salts.

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Root hairs

Tiny extensions on plant roots that absorb water and mineral salts from the soil.

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Xylem

Xylem transports water and minerals upward within a plant.

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Transpiration

The loss of water vapour through plant leaves.

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Excretion

The removal of wastes and excess water from the body.

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Excretory Organs

Skin, liver, large intestine, lungs, and kidneys. They eliminate carbon dioxide, urea, etc.

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Urinary System

Kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder.

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Species

A group of organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring.

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Variation

Differences between individuals within a species, due to genetic differences or environment.

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Continuous Variation

Variation with a series of intermediate types connecting extremes.

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Discontinuous Variation

Variations caused by sudden, unpredictable changes in genes or chromosomes.

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Chromosomes

Thread-like structures in the nucleus containing DNA.

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Genes

Segments of DNA coding for specific proteins.

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Gametes

Male or female sex cells (sperm/egg).

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Fertilisation

Male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (ovum) fuse to produce a fertilized egg (zygote).

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Natural Selection

Animals and plants best adapted to survive and reproduce in their environment.

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Placenta

The organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy, providing oxygen, nutrients and waste removal for the growing baby.

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Study Notes

  • Biology is the study of living organisms and their interactions with the environment.

Theory of Natural Selection

  • Proposed by Charles Darwin during the 19th century
  • Explains how species evolve over time through differential survival and reproduction.

Main Concepts of Natural Selection

  • Variation exists within a species, with traits varying in size, color, and behavior genetically or environmentally
  • Struggle for Survival is caused by resources being limited in nature, like water, food and shelter
  • Survival of the Fittest occurs because organisms with advantageous traits for their environment will survive and reproduce
  • Inheritance sees advantageous traits passed down to the next generation by genetic inheritance, becoming more common over time
  • Adaptation is where after generations, species become better adapted to their environment as traits are beneficial for survival gradually increase in frequency within the population

Natural Selection of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria

  • A large bacterial population is mostly susceptible to antibiotics, a few are antibiotic-resistant
  • Addition of an antibiotic kills off bacteria, while the resistant survive
  • Only the resistant bacteria can proliferate while antibiotics are present, increasing over time
  • The result is the creation of a population mainly comprised of resistant bacteria
  • Resistance is selected through antibiotic exposure

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