Natural Sciences and Nursing Theories

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Questions and Answers

What defines experimental science in the context of nursing?

Dependence on random controlled trials. (correct)

Focus on abstract philosophical concepts.

The use of qualitative methods exclusively.

Emphasis on subjective experiences.

Which of the following best describes a grand theory in nursing?

A theory focused on immediate clinical situations.

A theory that is specific to a cultural context.

A straightforward model used for teaching purposes.

An abstract framework that is broad and complex. (correct)

What concept describes the idea of moving beyond the present moment or transcending current experiences?

Illimitability

Transcendence (correct)

Rhythmicity

Paradox

How do situational-specific theories differ from grand theories?

They are tailored to specific contexts and factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which postulate suggests that life is full of opposites that create natural rhythms?

Paradox Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Jean Watson's Human Caring framework, which component emphasizes the significance of the patient?

Affirmation of patient significance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a level of nursing theory?

Critical race theory. Signup and view all the answers

What type of logic is predominantly used in analytical philosophy of science?

Process logic and rational discourse. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three forms of comfort identified in Kolcaba's Comfort Theory?

Support Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the Health Belief Model regarding patients' readiness to act?

It incorporates beliefs about susceptibility. Signup and view all the answers

What are nursing patterns of knowing intended to provide?

Holistic and patient-centered care. Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Lewin's Process of Change involves creating awareness of the need for change?

Unfreeze Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of ethical knowing in nursing?

Promoting social justice and equity in healthcare. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes cultural competence in nursing?

Individuals and families belong to multiple subcultures. Signup and view all the answers

Which model emphasizes the interrelations among different systems in healthcare?

King’s interacting systems framework. Signup and view all the answers

What does the HEART intervention aim to achieve?

Empowerment and access to care Signup and view all the answers

What is one issue contributing to the theory-practice gap in nursing?

Theory is perceived as irrelevant to practice. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of feminism in nursing, which belief is widely held?

Both genders are equally capable of moral reasoning. Signup and view all the answers

How does translational research aid nursing practice?

It speeds up the time to implement findings into practical actions. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes health disparities according to the Social Determinants of Health Model?

Social and cultural factors Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of descriptive theories?

They provide insights into historical data. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk of relying on interdisciplinary theories in nursing?

Loss of nursing’s unique identity. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the nursing metaparadigm?

Society. Signup and view all the answers

What is the utility of theories in nursing?

They provide a framework for informed practice. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes behaviorist theory?

Emphasizes classical conditioning and reinforcements. Signup and view all the answers

What best defines predictive theories in nursing?

They analyze data to forecast future outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which learning theory emphasizes nurturing and self-development?

Humanistic theory. Signup and view all the answers

What does explanatory theory aim to achieve?

To identify cause and effect relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What stage in the Transtheoretical model reflects a person’s intention to change in the near future while being aware of the costs and benefits?

Contemplation Signup and view all the answers

In Peplau's theory, which of the following roles does a nurse NOT fulfill during the nurse-patient relationship?

Administrator Signup and view all the answers

According to Sullivan, what is the primary purpose of all behavior?

To get needs met through interpersonal relations Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a component the Florence Nightingale model emphasizes in nursing care?

Pharmaceutical management Signup and view all the answers

What are the main assumptions of General Systems Theory?

Energy is needed to maintain organization and dysfunction in one system impacts another system Signup and view all the answers

In Roy's Adaptation Model, what does an individual’s inability to respond to stimuli indicate?

Adaptation problems Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is focused on building trust and reviewing expected outcomes in Peplau’s interpersonal relationship stages?

Orientation Phase Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in Parse's Theory of Human Becoming?

Exploration of personal meanings and choices Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following roles is part of Peplau's nursing roles in the nurse-patient relationship?

Leader Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT one of the six collaborative steps in the nursing process according to Roy’s Adaptation Model?

Medication prescription Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Natural Sciences in Nursing

Natural sciences are also known as empirical sciences, logical positivism, or experimental sciences
They include physics, chemistry, biology, and earth science
Evidence-based medicine and nursing uses these sciences
Random controlled trials are a key method
Quantitative empirical scientific methods are used
Key attributes of experimental sciences include testability, reliability, and definitiveness/precision

Nursing Theories

Nursing metaparadigm: human beings, health, environment, and nursing
Grand theories: broad, abstract, complex frameworks for nursing
Middle-range theories: narrower scope than grand theories
Situational theories: specific to a situation; consider culture, politics, and individual characteristics

Philosophy of Science

Continental (European): Focuses on human experience (phenomenology, hermeneutics, critical social theory, feminism, structuralism, post-structuralism, postmodernism)
Analytical (outside Europe): Uses logic and rational discourse (positivism, empiricism, instrumentalism, pragmatism, rationalism)

Conceptual Models

Overarching frameworks with assumptions; not directly testable
Examples: Johnson's behavioral systems model, King's interacting systems framework, Levine's conservation model, Neuman's systems model, Orem's self-care framework, Rogers' science of unitary human beings, Roy's adaptation model, Watson's caring model
Explain relationships between metaparadigm concepts in nursing

Nursing Patterns of Knowing

Interconnected aspects for holistic patient care
Four patterns: empiric, ethical, personal, aesthetic
Emancipatory: social justice, reducing disparities
Use patterns to understand clinical situations, education, and research

Theory-Practice Gap

Some believe theory is irrelevant to practice
Evidence-based practice in nursing uses theory to guide action
Sometimes theories need to be developed or adapted to provide evidence for action
The translation of theories into practice can take considerable time

Translational Research

Transforms research findings into action
Determines conditions, costs, and resources to move from theory to practice
Helps improve patient outcomes and quicker, more impactful, assessment and intervention tools
Traditionally takes ~17 years; interest in shortening this process growing

Empirical Theories

Descriptive: Describes existing data, insights into the past
Predictive: Uses statistical models to predict future outcomes, often used with interventions
Prescriptive: Recommends specific actions to achieve optimal results
Explanatory: Explains underlying reasons behind phenomena by identifying cause-and-effect relationships

Risk of Interdisciplinary Theories in Nursing

Potential loss of nursing's unique identity and knowledge base
Communication challenges due to varying terminology and frameworks
Difficulty integrating concepts from different disciplines
Lack of disciplinary expertise
Potential for misapplication

Metaparadigm of Nursing

Comprehensive approach to patient care considering four concepts: person, environment, health, nursing

Utility of Theories

Provide frameworks for informed decisions, evidence-based practice, role understanding, quality care evaluation, and improved patient outcomes

Learning Theories

Describe, explain, and predict learning processes
Include external environment, internal processes, passive/active learning, and emotions
Behaviorist: classical conditioning, reinforcement
Cognitive: perceptions, reasoning, memory, active learning, schemas
Psychodynamic: personality development, motivations
Humanistic: growth, self-development, creativity, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)

People are at different stages in adopting health behaviors (e.g., substance use, smoking cessation).
Stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory

Middle-range theory moving away from the medical model.
Emphasizes therapeutic use of self, milieu, and well-being outcomes
Nurse-patient roles: stranger, resource, teacher, leader, surrogate, counselor
Stages of personality development (infancy through late childhood)
Relationship development phases: preorientation, orientation, working, resolution

Florence Nightingale's Model

Environmental model of care
Control of environmental components: cleanliness, comfort
Nutrition and stimulation for patients
Observation and recording of patient behavior

Roy's Adaptation Model

Individual as an adaptive system interacting with stimuli
Adaptation problems occur when unable to respond to stimuli
Elements of nursing (person, environment, health, goals, and assessment)
Six steps in the nursing process (assessment, diagnosis, goal setting, intervention, evaluation) using general systems theory, with emphasis on energy and interrelated systems

Parse's Theory of Human Becoming

Focuses on meaning, rhythmicity, transcendence for personal growth
Key concepts and postulates: illimitability, paradox, freedom, mystery
Active listening, autonomy respecting, partnership building

Watson's Human Caring Framework

Caring is a nursing domain distinct from curing
Embodies physical and spiritual aspects
Moral commitment to dignity, wholeness, caring, healing
Components: affirmation, connection, unity, caring/healing modalities

Kolcaba's Comfort Theory (Palliative Care)

Framework for assessing and addressing comfort in palliative care
Three forms of comfort: relief, ease, transcendence
Four contexts of comfort: physical, psychospiritual, environmental, sociocultural

Health Belief Model

Beliefs about susceptibility and benefits influence preventative health actions; readiness is based on six criteria
Criteria: perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy

Lewin's Process of Change

Unfreeze, change, refreeze model for managing organizational change

Cultural Competence

Cultures are similar despite differences; individual and family belong to several subcultures.
Cultural awareness improves self-awareness
Every client encounter is a cultural encounter
Concepts include community, family, person, health

Feminism

Care-focused: emphasizes feminine moral reasoning
Power-focused: concerned with women's social standing
Importance in nursing: majority of nurses are women; care is viewed as feminine. Helps all nurses understand and call attention to caregiving power

Health Equity

Health disparities: incidence/prevalence/morbidity/mortality rates compared to general population
Social determinants of health model: explains health disparities, and seeks to achieve equity. HEART interventions (health education, empowerment, addressing social determinants, risk factor reduction).

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Description

Explore the intersection of natural sciences and nursing theories in this quiz. Learn about the fundamental principles of empirical sciences and their application in evidence-based nursing practice. Delve into the different nursing theories and the philosophy of science influencing the field.