Natural Phonology and Speech Sound Disorders

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Questions and Answers

In the context of natural phonology, what is the primary focus of intervention?

Targeting only individual consonant sounds

Focusing solely on improving speech sound features

Addressing both consonant production and syllable structures (correct)

Prioritizing the correction of specific phonological processes

Which of these is NOT a markedness constraint in Optimality Theory?

The preservation of all speech sounds regardless of difficulty (correct)

The tendency to simplify consonant clusters

A child's preference for producing easy sounds

The avoidance of complex syllable structures

Which of the following phonological processes involves a change in the place of articulation of a sound?

Stopping

Velar fronting (correct)

Final consonant deletion

Cluster reduction

According to the Sonority Sequencing Principle, what happens when a child reduces a word-initial consonant cluster?

The least sonorous consonant is usually deleted Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of diary studies in speech and language development?

They provide a comprehensive understanding of a child's development Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the segmental tier in nonlinear phonology?

Analysis of individual speech sounds and their features Signup and view all the answers

When would speech therapy be necessary for a child according to the psycholinguistic approach?

When a child's speech production differs from their auditory perception Signup and view all the answers

How does the Optimality Theory contribute to our understanding of phonological development?

It explains the universal constraints that guide sound production across languages Signup and view all the answers

Which publication marked an early milestone in the field of speech sound disorders?

Speech Correction: Principles and Methods Signup and view all the answers

The term 'speech correctionist' was primarily used during what time period?

Early 1900's Signup and view all the answers

When did the debate begin regarding the inclusion of language within the scope of practice for speech-language pathologists (SLPs)?

1960's Signup and view all the answers

What is the current umbrella term used to refer to all types of speech sound difficulties?

Speech Sound Disorders Signup and view all the answers

A key indication of an articulation disorder that clinicians look for?

Speech sound errors not impacting intelligibility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a phonological disorder?

Rule-based errors that result in reduced speech intelligibility Signup and view all the answers

If a child has difficulty with speech sounds and also has a neurological condition, what might be potential diagnoses?

Developmental dysarthria or childhood apraxia of speech Signup and view all the answers

What is one way speech sound errors associated with articulation disorders differ from those associated with phonological disorders?

Phonological errors often involve a loss of phonemic contrasts, while articulation errors do not. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the vocal development during the Reflexive stage according to Stark's classification?

Presence of reflexive sounds like crying and fussing, along with quasivowels. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically begin to lose the ability to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar languages using visual cues alone?

Around 8 months. Signup and view all the answers

According to Oller's typology, which of these vocalizations is classified as a 'non-speechlike' sound?

Vegetative sounds. Signup and view all the answers

During which of Stark's stages do infants begin to produce closant/vocant combinations?

Control of Phonation stage. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical component of the anatomical structures and functions important for early speech development?

The development of the auditory system. Signup and view all the answers

Which of Oller's stages is characterized by the production of vowel-like sounds shaped by the articulators?

Primitive articulation stage. Signup and view all the answers

What is parentese, as it relates to infant speech perception?

Child-directed speech, also known as motherese. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of canonical babbling in typical speech development?

A late onset of canonical babbling may be a predictor of later speech sound disorders. Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, which of the following sounds are not among those shared between babbling and early words?

/g, k/ Signup and view all the answers

When can a human fetus first begin to detect sounds?

Around 19 weeks gestation. Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, what is a reason that morphophonemic clusters might be acquired later?

They have a higher degree of linguistic complexity. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'paradigmatic acquisition' of vowels refer to?

Learning vowels in isolation or simple monosyllabic words. Signup and view all the answers

A child who produces /s/ sounds like [] should:

Receive intervention from a speech language pathologist. Signup and view all the answers

Why are clusters with fricatives generally harder for children to produce than clusters with stops?

Fricatives require more continuous airflow and can be harder to control. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between paradigmatic and syntagmatic vowel acquisition?

Paradigmatic focuses on single vowels, syntagmatic on sequences of vowels. Signup and view all the answers

A child consistently produces word-initial /r/ as [w]. According to the text, this is:

A typical error that may be common even up to 9 years old. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of 'phonological processes'?

The simplification of a sound class. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by calculating the 'Percent Consonants Correct' (PCC)?

The proportion of correct consonant sounds out of the total number of consonants produced. Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily lacking in individuals with phonological disorders?

Phonological representation Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of 3-year-olds may experience speech sound disorders (SSDs)?

15% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the role of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)?

Integrating external evidence and clinical judgment Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated prevalence of speech sound disorders by the age of 6?

3.8% Signup and view all the answers

What role do speech sound disorders (SSDs) play in later literacy skills?

They pose risks for reading and writing Signup and view all the answers

Which type of phonetics studies the transmission of speech sounds through air as sound waves?

Acoustic phonetics Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) work with children who have SSDs?

90% Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between communication disorders and speech sound disorders?

75% of children with communication disorders also have SSDs Signup and view all the answers

What is a phoneme?

A family of allophones that specify meaningful units of language. Signup and view all the answers

In phonetic transcription, how are abstract phonemes represented?

In virgules / / Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a difference between morphemes and allophones?

Morphemes may consist of sounds or words that affect meaning. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)?

To transcribe speech sounds more accurately than traditional alphabets. Signup and view all the answers

How many consonants are there in American English?

24 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes monophthongs?

Vowels produced with an open vocal tract. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of diphthongs?

They consist of two vowel sounds pronounced as a unit. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does NOT describe vowel articulation?

The density of the sound Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

History of Speech Sound Disorders

1882-Early descriptions of 'Speech Defects'
Early 1900s: Speech Correctionist as a title
1910: Organized efforts to help children with speech in schools
1936: Establishment of the Journal of Speech Disorders
1939: Publication of Van Riper's text on speech correction
1960s: Debate on whether language should be part of SLP scope
1970s-80s: Laws mandating services for 0-5-year-olds, research to support treatment, describing "normal" speech, and disorders vs differences.

Changing Terminology

Prior to 1970s, articulation disorders were common
1970s-1980s: emergence of phonological disorders, terms used interchangeably with some distinctions
Around 2005: Speech Sound Disorders (SSDs) as an umbrella term
Articulation Disorders (SSDs): difficulties with the motoric/phonetic production of individual speech sounds
Phonological Disorders (SSDs): rule-based errors in speech sound production.

Articulation disorders

Clinicians take a practical approach to diagnose articulation disorders.
The child makes speech sound errors that are not rule-based.

Phonological disorders

Multiple speech sound error patterns persist beyond a certain age.
Significantly impairs speech intelligibility due to underlying phonological representation or knowledge issues.
Not due to a pure production problem (phonetic)
Often associated with language disorders (LDs) in 45% to 66% of children.

Importance of Speech Sound Disorders (SSDs)

Common childhood communication problem
90% of SLPs in schools work with children with SSDs
56% of a school-based SLP's caseload involves SSDs
SSDs pose literacy skill risks (reading, writing)

Prevalence of SSDs

An estimated 75% of children with communication disorders have an SSD
15% of 3-year-olds have SSDs
11% of 4-year-olds have SSDs
75% may achieve normal speech production by age 6 with or without treatment
Prevalence drops to 3.8% by age 6.

Evidence-based practice

Conscientious, explicit, and judicious integration of:
Best available external evidence from scientific studies
Best available evidence internal to clinical practice (clinical judgment)
Preferences of the fully informed patient or parent

Communication, Speech, and Phonetics

Communication: the act of sending and receiving information
Speech: the organized system of sounds used to convey meaning
Phonetics: the physical characteristics of speech sounds produced by a speaker.

Articulatory Phonetics

Focus: how speech sounds are produced using articulators.

Acoustic Phonetics

Study of speech sound transmission through the air as sound waves.

Two Perspectives of Speech Sounds

Motor Production
Units that facilitate the meaning of language

Phoneme, Allophones, Morphemes

Family of allophones: the minimal set of sounds needed to specify meaningful units
Allophones: variations of a phoneme that doesn't signal a change in meaning
Morphemes: sounds or words that produce a meaningful difference

Phonetic Transcription

IPA: represents phonemes better than traditional alphabets.
SLPs use IPA to transcribe speech samples.

Speech Sound Inventory

Phonemic contrasts create distinct meaning
Each language has a sound inventory of around 100 phonemes

Anatomy of the Speech Mechanism

Respiration, Phonation, Resonation, Articulation, Hearing- feedback
Neural mechanism for speech

Phoneme Classification

Two major categories: consonants and vowels
Vowels are produced with an open vocal tract
Consonants are consonant sounds produced in side-by-side combination

Vowels and Diphthongs

Sounds from vibrating vocal folds
Vowels: 14 in American English
6 Diphthongs in American English

Vowel Production and Traditional Phonetic Descriptions

Categorization focuses on tongue position, lip shape, and muscle tension

Distinctive Features (Binary features)

Describing phonemes in all languages.
Presence or absence of closure and location.
24 consonant sounds in American English.
Includes allophones (variations) of consonants

Manner, Place and Voicing

Manner of articulation: how the airstream is modified to create sounds
Place of articulation: location of constriction in the vocal tract
Voicing: presence of vocal fold vibrations (voiced vs. unvoiced sounds)

Consonants, Vowels, and Syllables

Consonants can be initial, medial, or final
Syllables comprise vowels (carriers) and consonants (attachments)
Onsets (beginning), nucleus (core), and coda (end) compose a syllable.

Suprasegmentals or Prosodic Features

Degree of emphasis or importance given to part of an utterance (stress)
Melody of speech-changes in vocal pitch (intonation)
Sound intensity (loudness), average pitch (pitch level)
Vocal punctuations (junction), and words per second (speaking rate)

Coarticulation and Anticipatory/Retentive influences

Sound production affected by preceding and following sounds.
Anticipatory: sound influenced by the anticipated next sound.
Retentive: sound influenced by the preceding sound.

Acoustic Characteristics

Frequency, amplitude, and duration of sound waves

Chapter 3 - Speech Sound Acquisition

Typical sound acquisition, referral, assessment, and diagnosis
Traditional, complexity, and intervention approaches

Speech Acquisition Theories

Behaviorist (B.F. Skinner)
Lingustic/psycholingustic models (Noam Chomsky): Generative phonology, phonological rules
Natural Phonology (phonological processes) (e.g., frameworks to analyze the developmental errors children make.

2 Main Tiers for Speech

Prosodic tier (word, foot, syllable, onset-rime, skeletal segmental tiers).
Segmental tier (speech sounds, and their features).

Optimality Theory (constraints)

Constraints, Universal, Markedness, Faithfulness.

5 Stages of Speech Development

Children's use of adult-like forms and decrease use of constraints with increasing experience.

Visual Speech Perception

Visual perception plays a critical role in infants language learning

Phase 1: Foundations and Vocal Development

Typology 1 (Stark): Reflexive (0-2 mo), Control of Phonation, Expansion (3-8 mo), Basic Canonical Syllables (5-10 mo), Advanced forms (9-18 mo)
Typology 2 (Oller): Non-speech-like vocalizations, vegetative and fixed vocal signal; speech-like vocalizations (protophones), Quasi-vowel, Primitive articulation stage (2-3 mo), Expansion stage (3-6 mo), Basic canonical syllable (5-10 mo), Advanced forms (9-18 mo), and Canonical Babbling (6+ months).

Phase 1: Babbling and Speech

Babbling patterns, differences between typically-developing children (TD) and children with hearing loss.
Late onset of canonical babbling as a possible predictor of later speech disorders

Phase 2: First 50 words

Consonant inventory in first words
Systematic and stable word-oriented learning with consistent pronunciation

Phase 2: First Words - Phonology & Vocabulary Relationship

Phonological knowledge reflected in the acquisition of vocabulary.
Inventory constraints: sounds produced by the child.
Positional constraints: sounds in different syllable positions.
Sequence constraints: restrictions on sound co-occurrences

Phase 3: Growth of Inventory

Speech acquisition through data collection: (Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies)
Intelligibility comparison: child's speech compared to adult speech.
Phonetic inventory, syllable structures, and abilities.

Phase 4: Mastery of Speech & Literacy

Phonological awareness (manipulating sounds within a language for reading development).
Components: phonemic, onset-rime, syllable, assessment by detection, deletion, segmenting, and blending.

Phonological awareness acquisition Stages (Goswami & Bryant, 1990; Carroll et al., 2003)

Awareness of syllables, words, onsets and rimes, phonemes.

Factors Influencing Typical Acquisition of Speech

Includes gender, SES.

Conclusion

Theories guide understanding of speech acquisition, data collection methods (cross-sectional and longitudinal studies), speech development, vocabulary development, and links to phonological awareness. Also, human interaction vs screens for infant learning.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts in natural phonology, including markedness constraints in Optimality Theory, phonological processes, and the role of diary studies in speech and language development. Additionally, it touches on historical milestones and practices in the field of speech sound disorders. Test your knowledge on the intersection of phonology and speech therapy.