Natural Law Theory and Thomas Aquinas

What is the purpose of philosophy according to Epicurus?

To seek revenge and chaos
To attain fame and recognition
To dominate others and rule the world
To attain tranquility and happiness in life (correct)

What is the name of the concept that Epicurus believed is the absence of pain?

Ataraxia
Aponia (correct)
Hedone
Eudaimonia

What is the main distinction made by Mill's utilitarian doctrine?

Between higher and lower forms of pleasure (correct)
Between moral and immoral acts
Between pleasure and pain
Between human and animal pleasure

What is the primary motivation for human action according to Immanuel Kant's ethics?

Duty itself (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Kant, what is the relationship between ethics and happiness?

Ethics is indifferent to happiness (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a person who has a low capacity for enjoyment according to Mill?

They have a greater chance of having their pleasures satisfied (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the phrase 'Man as an end in himself/herself' in Kant's ethics?

It emphasizes the importance of individual autonomy (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does Mill recognize as playing a crucial role in a person's capacity to recognize varying kinds of pleasures?

Their social, cultural, and historical context (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does Kant's ethics differ from Aristotle's ethics?

Kant's ethics emphasizes happiness as the motivation for moral action (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does Mill believe is the composition of a satisfied and happy life?

A balance between tranquility and excitement (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of reason in Kant's ethics?

Reason is the source of moral principles (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'universalizability' in Kant's ethics?

The belief that all moral principles are universally applicable (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Kant's philosophy of religion?

The reconciliation of ethics and hope (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consideration in making decisions, according to Kant?

The potential consequences of one's actions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with developing and clarifying the theory of utilitarianism?

John Stuart Mill (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental principle of utilitarianism?

The greatest happiness of the greatest number (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does utilitarianism judge actions?

Based on the quality and quantity of pleasure they produce (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between utilitarianism and consequentialism?

Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the central idea behind the Natural Law Theory?

Morally good acts are based on the objective nature of human nature (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Thomas Aquinas?

He was a prominent figure in the Protestant Reformation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern of the Divine Command Theory?

The link between God's commands and moral obligations (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Euthyphro dilemma?

A dilemma that questions the relationship between God's commands and moral principles (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Eternal Law, according to the text?

God's rational purpose and plan for all things (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Thomas Aquinas' Summa Theologica?

It was a comprehensive summary of Catholic theology (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of taxation in a sovereign state?

To raise revenues to finance government expenditures and promote the general welfare of citizens (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Latin origin of the word 'tax'?

Taxare (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between tax evasion and tax avoidance?

Tax evasion involves misreporting facts, while tax avoidance involves structuring business transactions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a regressive tax?

It affects poor people more than wealthy people (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of equality or theoretical justice in taxation?

The tax burden should be proportionate to the taxpayer's ability to pay (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is fiscal adequacy in taxation?

The sufficiency of revenue sources to address public expenditures (A) Signup and view all the answers