30 Questions
What is the primary effect of a natural hazard?
The loss of life caused immediately
What is the main factor that contributes to the movement of tectonic plates?
Convection currents from the heat in the core
What is the purpose of long-term responses to tectonic hazards?
To reduce the likelihood of the hazard occurring in the future
What is the term for the process of older plates sinking into the mantle?
Slab Pull
What is the difference between oceanic and continental plates?
Oceanic plates are thinner and denser, while continental plates are thicker and lighter
What is the purpose of seismometers?
To monitor earth movement
What is a method of protecting buildings from earthquakes?
Using base isolators
Why do people often live in areas of natural hazard risk?
All of the above
What type of plate movement causes fold mountains and earthquakes?
Collision plate movement
What is the term for a volcano that occurs away from a plate boundary?
Hotspot
What is a method of predicting earthquakes?
Observing monitoring data
What is a method of preparing for earthquakes?
Training for emergency services
What was the magnitude of the earthquake that struck Nepal in 2015?
7.8
What was the primary effect of the earthquake in Nepal?
Death and destruction
What was the estimated total cost of the earthquake in Nepal?
$5 billion
What type of plate boundary is responsible for the earthquake in Nepal?
Destructive plate boundary
What was the immediate response of the UK to the earthquake in Nepal?
Sending 100 search and rescue responders and providing medical supplies and tents
What was the long-term response of the Asian Development Bank to the earthquake in Nepal?
Providing $3 million in aid
What was the result of cold air from Russia over the UK in 2018?
A long period of heavy snow and cold weather
What was the consequence of the severe weather conditions during the Beast from the East?
Thousand of schools closed and hospital operations were cancelled
What was the lowest temperature recorded in rural areas during the Beast from the East?
-12C
What was the role of the Royal Air Force during the Beast from the East?
To transport doctors and stranded patients
What is one of the natural causes of climate change?
Orbital changes – Milankovitch cycles
What is the term for reducing or preventing the effects of climate change?
Mitigation
What is the effect of volcanic aerosols on global temperatures?
They reflect sunlight away and reduce global temperatures temporarily
What is the effect of deforestation on atmospheric CO2 levels?
When cut down, trees absorb more CO2 from the atmosphere
What is the potency of nitrogen oxides compared to CO2?
265x as potent as CO2
How do ice cores provide evidence for climate change?
They show changes in atmospheric CO2 levels over the last 400,000 years
What is the significance of tree rings in climate change research?
They provide reliable evidence for the last 10,000 years
How far back do historical temperature records date?
185 years
Study Notes
Natural Hazards
- Volcanoes give off gases, and protection measures include reinforced buildings, base isolators, and automatic shut-offs for gas and electricity
- Prediction and monitoring data can allow for evacuation before an event
- Avoid building in at-risk areas, and training for emergency services, planned evacuation routes, and drills are essential
Why People Live in Areas of Hazard Risk
- Fertile soils from volcanoes make excellent areas for growing crops
- Lack of education leads to unawareness of risks in such areas
- Poverty makes it difficult for people to afford to move away from hazardous areas
- Tourism provides jobs in these areas, and some areas are well-prepared, making people feel safe
Tectonic Plate Movement
- Conservative plates slide past each other, forming earthquakes
- Collision of two continental plates creates fold mountains and earthquakes
- Some volcanoes (hotspots) occur away from plate boundaries where the crust is thinner
Case Study: Beast from the East (2018)
- A long period of heavy snow and cold weather
- 10 people died, thousands of schools closed, and hospital operations were cancelled
- National grid issued a gas deficit warning, and some supermarkets faced food shortages
- Rail and air services were cancelled, and roads were blocked
Managing Climate Change
- Climate change is both natural and human-induced
- Evidence for climate change shows changes before humans existed, but the rate of change since the 1970s is unprecedented
- Mitigation strategies aim to reduce or prevent effects
Causes of Climate Change
- Natural orbital changes (Milankovitch cycles) cause temperature fluctuations
- Solar output (sunspots) fluctuates, and volcanic activity releases CO2
- Human activities: fossil fuel burning, agricultural practices, deforestation, and dumping waste contribute to climate change
Evidence for Climate Change
- Ice cores from Antarctica show changes over the last 400,000 years
- Tree rings provide reliable evidence for the last 10,000 years
- Photographic evidence shows glaciers retreating over the past 50-100 years
What are Natural Hazards?
- Extreme natural events that can cause loss of life, property damage, and disrupt human activities
- Types of hazards include tectonic, climate, and other natural phenomena
Theories of Plate Movement
- Convection currents: movement within the mantle from the heat from the core
- Slab pull and ridge push: older plates sink into the mantle, pulling newer plates along
Plate Boundaries
- Constructive: plates move away from each other, creating new land and volcanoes
- Destructive: plates move towards each other, forming volcanoes and earthquakes
Responses to Tectonic Hazards
- Immediate responses: rescue efforts, provision of aid, and temporary shelters
- Long-term responses: reducing the likelihood of future events, rebuilding, and introducing new safety measures
This quiz covers the challenges of natural hazards, particularly volcanic risks, and measures to mitigate them, such as protection, prediction, and preparedness.
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