Natural Hazards

Nitrogen (N2)

Geosphere

4%

Troposphere

Formation of the solar system from a nebula

Rapid appearance of complex life in the fossil record

Asteroid collision with Earth

Time of the mammals

Release of seismic energy at fault zones in the earth

Strength of an earthquake

9.5

M9.2 earthquake off the coast of Sumatra

Rapid displacement of the seafloor

Earth will cease to exist in about 5 billion years

First seed plants and forests

Time of dinosaurs

Migration of fracking fluid directly into groundwater

Oil

To decrease the viscosity of the crude oil

Release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

Coal

To prop open the fractures in the rock

Fossil fuels

Over 800 gigatons

Release of CO2 into the atmosphere

24%

Shale

To produce plastics, textiles, and other products

External solar radiation and internal radioactive decay

Loss of habitats, deforestation, pollution, and climate change

Plate boundaries

Sea-floor stripes

Composition of the magma

Transport mechanisms and environment of deposition

Alteration of original rocks due to pressure and temperature

Relative and absolute dating methods

Natural or human-induced changes, occurring gradually or catastrophically

Earth system science

Crust, mantle, and core

Plate boundaries

To warn about tsunamis

Deforestation

Overpopulation and overconsumption

25%

Limited supply and environmental impacts

Depletion leading to scarcity

Its GDP

The green/digital economy and security

Primary and secondary mineral deposits

Pollution of water sources

To return mined land to its end use, such as habitat or agriculture

Northwest Territories

Atmosphere = Mixture of gasses Biosphere = All living organisms Hydrosphere = Mostly saltwater (oceans) Geosphere = Rocks and sediments

Troposphere = Most of the molecules in the troposphere Stratosphere = Contains the ozone layer Mesosphere = Where meteors burn up Thermosphere = Site of the auroras

Nitrogen (N2) = 78.084% Oxygen (O2) = 20.947% Argon (A) = 0.934% Carbon Dioxide (CO2) = 0.035%

Environmental science = Tries to remain objective Environmentalism = Social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world The carbon cycle = Most life on earth is carbon-based Residence time = Average time a material stays in a component

Coal = 30% of energy use Petroleum = May be refined into other products such as plastics, textiles, paints, fertilizers Gas = 24% of energy use Fossil fuels = May be burned to produce energy, releasing CO2 into the atmosphere

Fracking = Impact on groundwater Combustion of fossil fuels = Moves carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) to the atmosphere Petroleum refining = Depends on how it is formed (e.g. eastern canada high in sulfur because formed in ocean) Coal expansion = Contains impurities (sulfur, mercury, arsenic)

Petroleum = Pumping Natural gas and oil = Fracking / hydraulic fracturing Tar sands = Strip mining Fossil fuels = May be burned to produce energy, releasing CO2 into the atmosphere

Fracking = Induces seismicity Combustion of fossil fuels = Moves carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) to the atmosphere Coal expansion = Depends on how it is formed (e.g. eastern canada high in sulfur because formed in ocean) Petroleum refining = May be refined into other products such as plastics, textiles, paints, fertilizers

Tectonic events = Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis Weather-related disasters = Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, and droughts Extraterrestrial impacts = Asteroid or comet collisions with Earth Geological phenomena = Landslides, sinkholes, and rockfalls

Overpopulation and overconsumption lead to increased resource use and environmental destruction. = Human impact on resource consumption and environmental degradation 25% of humans consume a large share of resources and contribute to pollution and waste. = Unequal resource distribution and environmental impact Non-renewable resources like fossil fuels and minerals have limited supply and environmental impacts. = Impact of non-renewable resource extraction and usage Renewable resources, while replenishable, are at risk of overexploitation. = Sustainability and risk of overuse

Primary and secondary mineral deposits = Determining factors for mining methods and production Canada's mining industry = Significant contribution to GDP and valuable assets Critical minerals = Important for green/digital economy and security Mine tailings = Can pollute water sources and pose environmental risks

Plate tectonics = Internal radioactive decay Magnetic field reversal = Earth's magnetism Igneous rock formation = Magma Sedimentary rock formation = Transport mechanisms and environment of deposition

Divergent boundaries = Mid-ocean ridges Convergent boundaries = Mountain ranges and volcanic arcs Transform boundaries = Earthquakes and faulting Plate boundaries = Various geological features

Igneous rocks = From magma Sedimentary rocks = Retention of information on transport mechanisms and environment of deposition Metamorphic rocks = Alteration of original rocks due to pressure and temperature Rocks formation = Mineral content and style of eruption

Relative dating = Deciphering earth and life history Absolute dating = Providing insights into the earth's long history and divisions Dating methods = Used to decipher earth and life history Life history = Insights into the earth's long history and divisions

Loss of habitats = Impact of human-induced change Deforestation = Impact of human-induced change Pollution = Impact of human-induced change Climate change = Impact of human-induced change

Crust = Earth's structure Mantle = Earth's structure Core = Earth's structure Earth's structure = Plate boundaries driving geological activity

Paleozoic = Rapid appearance of complex life in fossil record Hadean eon = Solar system forms from nebula Mesozoic = Time of dinosaurs Cenozoic = Time of the mammals

Chicxulub impact crater = Located at Yucatan 2023 Turkle events = M7.8 earthquake occurred in SE Turklye 2004 Sumatra-Andaman tsunami = M9.2 earthquake occurred off the coast of Sumatra K-T extinction event = Almost vertebrates become extinct at 65 Ma

Magnitude = A measure of the strength of an earthquake Tsunami = Series of ocean waves created when seafloor is rapidly displaced Ground motion = Shaking resulting from a sudden release of acoustic energy in the lithosphere Detection = Systems deployed to detect seismic events

Solar system = Forms from nebula and includes inner rocky planets Fault zones = Release of seismic energy and ground motion occurs along these Tsunami wave front = Speed decreases as it approaches shore Seismic waves = Acoustic events moving through the solid earth

Richter scale = Logarithmic scale used to measure earthquake strength Tectonic stress = Builds up when faults are locked, and when these faults rupture or slip, seismic energy is released Moment magnitude scale = Currently used for measuring earthquake strength Largest earthquakes recorded by humans = Include 1960 Chile, 1964 Alaska, 2004 Sumatra, and 2011 Japan

Cambrian explosion = Rapid appearance of complex life in fossil record at ~540 Ma Tectonic hazards = Release of seismic energy at fault zones in the earth Tsunami hazards = Series of ocean waves created when seafloor is rapidly displaced Hadean eon = Solar system forms from nebula and includes inner rocky planets

The concept of residence time refers to the average time a material stays in a component of the Earth system. In the carbon cycle, it can be illustrated by the time carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere before being absorbed by plants during photosynthesis or dissolved in the oceans. This helps understand the dynamics of carbon movement within the Earth system.

The major components of the Earth system include the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere. These components interact through various processes such as the water cycle, carbon cycle, and rock cycle. The system is considered closed because matter cycles within the system, but energy is exchanged with space. This closed nature influences the overall stability and dynamics of the Earth system.

The lithosphere, which is the upper part of the solid earth, plays a crucial role in interacting with other components of the Earth system. It influences the movement of tectonic plates, the release of minerals and nutrients, and the shaping of landforms. Its interactions with the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere contribute to the overall functioning and resilience of the Earth system.

The Earth's atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), argon (A), and carbon dioxide (CO2), with small amounts of other gases. In its dry state, it consists of approximately 78.084% nitrogen, 20.947% oxygen, 0.934% argon, and 0.035% carbon dioxide. Water vapor, although variable, also plays a significant role in the atmosphere, comprising around 4% of its composition.

The potential environmental impacts of fracking include migration of fracking fluid directly into groundwater, flowback of contaminated wastewater at the surface, methane leaks into groundwater, and induced seismicity due to the injection of fracking fluids into the ground.

The primary concern is that the combustion of fossil fuels moves carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) to the atmosphere, significantly disturbing Earth's carbon cycle and contributing to the emission of greenhouse gases that influence the planet's climate.

The major types of fossil fuels include coal, petroleum, natural gas, oil sand, and heavy oils. When burned for energy production, they release CO2 into the atmosphere, contributing to the emission of greenhouse gases and influencing the planet's climate.

Fossil fuels account for over 80% of primary energy production by humans. The primary sources of fossil fuels include coal, petroleum, natural gas, oil sand, and heavy oils.

The estimated current reserves for oil are >1,000 billion barrels, with a consumption projection to increase. Coal has abundant current reserves of >800 gigatons (equivalent to 4,500 billion barrels of oil), and gas has current reserves of 180 trillion cubic meters (equivalent to 1,000 billion barrels).

The Cambrian explosion marks the rapid appearance of complex life in the fossil record, indicating a massive diversification of species and the emergence of a 'big bang of ecology' around 540 million years ago.

In approximately 5 billion years, the Sun will run out of fuel and briefly expand into a red giant, causing Earth to evaporate.

Tectonic hazards involve the release of seismic energy at fault zones in the Earth, resulting in ground motion (shaking) due to a sudden release of acoustic energy in the lithosphere. These seismic events typically occur along geological faults, where tectonic stress and energy build up and are then released during fault rupture or slippage.

Tsunamis are series of ocean waves created when the seafloor is rapidly displaced, often by undersea earthquakes or landslides. Even a small displacement of the seafloor can induce a massive tsunami, and a major earthquake with modest vertical fault rupture can cause significant uplift of the water column, transferring a huge amount of energy to the ocean. As tsunamis approach shore, their amplitude increases, wavelength decreases, and speed decreases.

The Richter scale is a logarithmic scale used to measure the strength of earthquakes. It is calculated based on the amplitude of the seismic waves from an earthquake, with each number increase in magnitude indicating a tenfold increase in measured amplitude.

The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman tsunami was triggered by a massive M9.2 earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, resulting in the displacement of a significant volume of ocean water and the generation of waves up to 30 meters high across the Indian Ocean. This devastating event led to the loss of over 227,000 lives.

Southern Ontario experiences low-magnitude earthquake activity, often occurring along pre-existing structural faults such as ancient suture zones and upper crustal features. The causes of these earthquakes may be attributed to glacial isostatic adjustment or background intraplate stresses.

Tsunamis are detected through systems deployed to monitor ocean waves created by seafloor displacement. Even a small displacement of the seafloor can induce a massive tsunami, and major earthquakes can cause significant uplift of the water column, transferring a huge amount of energy to the ocean.

The Hadean eon, which started approximately 4.567 billion years ago, is known for the formation of the solar system from a nebula, including the emergence of the Sun at the center, the development of inner rocky planets (including Earth), and the occurrence of significant impacts and events such as the formation of the moon.

Seismic energy release occurs at fault zones in the Earth, leading to ground motion (shaking) due to a sudden release of acoustic energy in the lithosphere. This energy builds up as tectonic stress when faults are locked, and is released when these faults rupture or slip, resulting in earthquakes.

In approximately 5 billion years, the Sun will run out of fuel and briefly expand into a red giant, causing Earth to evaporate.

Tectonic hazards involve the release of seismic energy at fault zones in the Earth, resulting in ground motion (shaking) due to a sudden release of acoustic energy in the lithosphere. These seismic events typically occur along geological faults, where tectonic stress and energy build up and are then released during fault rupture or slippage.

Tectonic, weather, extra-terrestrial, and geological hazards

Non-renewable (fossil fuels, nuclear fuel, minerals) and renewable (forests, fisheries, groundwater, agricultural land, and soil)

6% to GDP with assets totaling $273 billion, and $3.6 billion spent on exploration in 2021

Critical minerals are important for the green/digital economy and security

Primary deposits are in host rock, while secondary deposits are formed after moving. They determine the type of exploration and extraction required

Acid leaching for gold extraction and oil sands extraction

To return mined land to end use, as seen in the case study of Efemcukuru gold mine in Turkey

Gold is a dense, soft, non-reactive element used in various industries, while diamonds are natural minerals with unique properties and are mined in Canada's NWT

DART uses bottom pressure detectors and communication buoys for tsunami warning, not prediction

Overpopulation and overconsumption lead to increased resource use and environmental destruction

25% of humans consume 50% energy, 86% aluminum, 76% harvested timber, 61% meat, and 42% fresh water

The main components are tectonic, weather, extra-terrestrial, and geological hazards for natural hazards, and non-renewable and renewable resources for mineral resources

Earth system science integrates physical and biological sciences to understand the interconnected web of processes on the planet, including the interactions between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.

The dynamic earth system is fueled by external solar radiation, which drives processes such as weather and climate, and internal radioactive decay and cooling of the planet, which contributes to processes like plate tectonics and volcanic activity.

Human-induced changes have led to environmental impacts such as loss of habitats and biodiversity, deforestation, soil degradation, pollution, and enhanced greenhouse effect. Population growth and technological advances have been driving factors behind these changes.

The earth's structure includes the crust, mantle, and core, with their behavior defined by rheology, which is based on temperature, pressure, and composition.

Plate boundaries are locations of geological activity, including volcanoes, mountain belts, earthquakes, and geothermal heating, and can be divergent, convergent, or transform boundaries.

Igneous rocks form from magma and can be felsic or mafic based on composition. Their mineral content and style of eruption are determined by factors such as silica content and gas content.

Soils are created through the weathering of rocks by the biosphere and atmosphere, and are part of the continuous transformation of rocks in the rock cycle.

Deciphering earth and life history involves understanding relative and absolute time, as well as using principles like original horizontality and stratigraphic superposition.

Earth's history is divided into eons, eras, and periods based on features such as fossil records, as well as geological chronometers like radiometric dating.

Sedimentary rocks form from sediments or precipitates, and retain information about past environments, climate, and life forms.

The polarity reversal of the earth's magnetic field, recorded in the sea-floor, provides important evidence for understanding the history of the earth's magnetic field and plate tectonics.

The Earth was created 4.7 billion years ago and is divided into eons, eras, and periods based on features such as fossil records and geological chronometers like radiometric dating.