Natural Hazards and Earth's Interior Structure
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Questions and Answers

What was the magnitude of the earthquake that struck Haiti in 2010?

  • 8.0
  • 9.1
  • 6.2
  • 7.3 (correct)

    • The Presidential Palace in Haiti remained intact during the 2010 earthquake.

    False

    How many homes were destroyed as a result of the Haiti earthquake in 2010?

    300,000

    In the aftermath of the earthquake, the World Bank waived debt for _____ years.

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following impacts with their categories.

    <p>316,000 deaths = Impact on People $14 Billion in damages = Impact on Economy 4,000 schools damaged = Impact on Education 98% of rubble unclear = Long-Term Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a natural hazard?

    <p>Traffic accident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Inner Core of the Earth is primarily liquid-based.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four parts of the Earth?

    <p>Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The movement of fluids caused by differences in temperature and density is known as __________.

    <p>Convection Current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following layers of the Earth with their characteristics:

    <p>Crust = Solid-based structure that can go up to 50 miles Mantle = Made of solids and liquids, contains magma Outer Core = Primarily liquid-based, mostly molten Iron and Nickel Inner Core = Solid due to pressure, made of Nickel and Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of natural hazard is caused by tectonic plate movements?

    <p>Geological/Tectonic Hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The evidence for Pangaea supports the idea of continental drift.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the Outer Core?

    <p>Molten Iron and Nickel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plate boundary is characterized by tectonic plates moving apart?

    <p>Constructive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Collision plate activity can only occur between oceanic plates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of eruptions are Stratovolcanoes known for?

    <p>Violent eruptions with viscous lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The volcanic eruption in Iceland in 2010 was classified as a ____ on the Volcanic Explosivity Index.

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following volcanic types with their characteristics:

    <p>Stratovolcano = Steep slopes with alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic materials Shield Volcano = Long thin lava flows with gentle slopes Composite Volcano = Another name for Stratovolcano Cinder Cone = Simpler structure with steep slopes, built from pyroclastic materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant impact on industries due to the Icelandic eruption?

    <p>Loss of $1.3 million daily for Kenyan flower farmers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Destructive plate boundaries rarely cause earthquakes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What natural phenomenon is likely caused by the melting of glaciers during an eruption?

    <p>Flooding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Geothermal energy is generated by using the heat from _____.

    <p>volcanoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the plate boundaries with their description:

    <p>Constructive = Plates move apart Destructive = One plate is subducted under another Collision = Two plates of the same type push together Conservative = Plates slide past one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of a volcanic eruption?

    <p>Permanent resettlement of populations away from volcanoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The volcanic activity in Iceland has had only negative impacts on the environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the global economic cost of the volcanic eruption in 2010?

    <p>$5 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A primary danger of volcanic eruptions includes poisonous ____.

    <p>gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following responses to their respective type:

    <p>Immediate response = Red Cross provides aid Long-Term response = EU establishes air traffic plans Monitoring improvement = Tracking ash clouds Infrastructure repair = Dredging rivers in Iceland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Natural Hazards

    • Natural hazards are natural events threatening people, potentially causing damage, destruction, and death; they must involve people. Examples include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tropical storms, and floods.
    • Three main types of natural hazards:
      • Atmospheric hazards: Caused by weather and atmospheric processes.
      • Geological/Tectonic hazards: Caused by Earth and tectonic plate movements.
      • Hydrological hazards: Caused by water movement and distribution.

    Earth's Interior Structure

    • The Earth has four layers: Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, and Inner Core.
    • Crust: Solid, composed of magnesium, sulfur, and other elements; up to 80 km deep.
    • Mantle: 80 km below surface, solid and liquid, composed of oxygen, magnesium, aluminum, iron, and magma.
    • Outer Core: 4,828 km below surface, primarily liquid, composed mostly of molten iron and nickel.
    • Inner Core: 6,437 km below surface, solid due to immense pressure, composed of nickel and iron; hotter than the surface of the sun.

    Evidence of Continental Drift

    • Continents fit together like a jigsaw puzzle.
    • Similar rock formations exist on separated continents (e.g., Africa and South America).
    • Matching fossils are found on different continents.
    • Seafloor spreading supports continental drift.

    Convection Currents

    • Convection currents are fluid movements due to temperature and density differences.
    • Mantle convection works like a conveyor belt in three steps:
      1. Heated magma in the lower mantle becomes less dense and rises.
      2. Rising magma cools, becomes denser, and sinks back down.
      3. This cycle creates continuous flow.
    • Convection currents drive plate movement.

    Plate Boundaries

    • Three main types of plate boundaries:
      • Constructive: Plates move apart, creating volcanoes and new land; earthquakes occur. (e.g., Mid-Atlantic Ridge)
      • Destructive (Subduction): Oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate (denser oceanic plate sinks), causing volcanoes, earthquakes, and sometimes tsunamis. (e.g., Eurasian and Pacific plates near Japan)
      • Collision: Two plates of the same type (oceanic or continental) collide, forming mountains (or oceanic mountains, island chains); friction and stress can cause earthquakes. (e.g., Himalayas)
      • Conservative: Plates slide past each other; stress buildup leads to earthquakes. (e.g., San Andreas Fault)

    Iceland 2010 Eruption (Case Study)

    • Iceland lies between the Eurasian and North American plates, experiencing constructive plate activity (plates moving apart).
    • A stratovolcano eruption with an ice cap caused a significant ash cloud, significantly impacting Europe.
    • An initial VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index) 3 eruption had extended eruptions and winds that took the ash cloud across Europe.
    • Major Impacts:
      • Flight cancellations, economic disruption ($5 Billion global cost).
      • Crop damage, flower export disruption to Europe.
      • Increased ocean biological productivity.
      • Positive impacts: prevented millions of tons of CO2 emission.
    • Immediate Responses:
      • EU air traffic plans and travel ban.
      • Improved ash cloud monitoring.
    • Long-term Responses:
      • Red Cross aid to victims.

    Volcanoes

    • Stratovolcano (Composite Volcano): Very viscous lava flows, alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material, steep slopes, often located on constructive margins, potentially dangerous due to long dormant periods, example: Mt. St. Helens.
    • Shield Volcano: Little pyroclastic material; long thin lava flows built up over a vent; gentle slopes.
    • Volcanic dangers: ash, gas, post-eruption famine and disease.
    • Volcanic benefits: fertile soil, tourism, geothermal energy.

    Haiti Earthquake, 2010 (Case Study)

    • Conservative fault activity between the Caribbean and North American plates caused a 7.3 magnitude earthquake.
    • Major Impacts:
      • Economic damage ($14 Billion),
      • Extensive property destruction—300,000 homes destroyed, 4,000 schools, Presidential Palace damage.
      • Loss of life—316,000 deaths, widespread cholera, government worker losses.
      • Infrastructure damage.
    • Immediate Responses:
      • International rescue teams.
      • Debt relief (World Bank).
      • Donations for humanitarian aid.
    • Long-term Responses:
      • Ongoing recovery efforts, displacement camps.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential aspects of natural hazards and the Earth's interior structure. Explore the types of natural hazards, including atmospheric, geological, and hydrological, as well as the four layers of the Earth: crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. Test your knowledge on these fundamental geological concepts.

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