Natural Hazards and Disasters - Part 2

<p>Bolide impact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Climate Change (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The type of disaster combined with the magnitude and frequency of similar events. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional distress and loss of employment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emergency work and altered work routines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As average return periods increase, peak flow tends to increase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The variables move in relation to each other, regardless of a causal link. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subsequent events damage already weakened or unrepaired infrastructure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased government spending and increased inflation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One variable increases as the other decreases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in flood risk due to deforestation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Climate change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To organize analysis by the source and amount of energy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atmospheric circulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To cause atmospheric and ocean circulation that leads to winds and weather events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Landslides. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A 'cause' is a long-term condition, while a 'trigger' is a short-term event. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cause. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inability to record, analyze, or predict all scenarios with certainty. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of funding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economic globalization and the interconnectedness of the global environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in global temperatures and other human activities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To accurately forecast future activity based on past occurrences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enables the quantification of events to estimate both probability and consequences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An earthquake causing a tsunami. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in the number of people and financial investments at risk. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How distant events can have wide-reaching effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A temporary closure of ground transport and subsequent need to re-route through the northern US. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hazard is the potential to cause harm, and risk is the likelihood of that harm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A catastrophe is assumed to be a much larger event with direct and indirect consequences, while a disaster is considered limited in area and direct consequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk involves known potential outcomes and probabilities, while uncertainty involves unknown outcomes and/or probabilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The weakness in a system that has no context to the impact involved. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The magnitude decreases as the frequency increases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Susceptibility is likely to happen to people because it results from a risk, but vulnerability is not (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relationship between magnitude and frequency of events. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The energy is released more gradually with each quake. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The debate between catastrophism and uniformitarianism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Knowing the probability of an earthquake in a particular city versus the consequences of damages from that earthquake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deaths, injuries, displacement of people = Direct effects occurring around time of event Crop failure, starvation, emotional distress = Indirect effects occurring after the event Property damage = Direct effects occurring around time of event Loss of tax revenues = Indirect effects occurring after the event</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emergency work = Initial actions; normal work stops or changes Restoration of services and communication = Normal work returns but not at full capacity Reconstruction = Material is replaced, major new construction is completed Full normality = Life returns to normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plate tectonics = Earth's Internal Heat Hurricanes = Energy From the Sun Landslides = Gravitational Attraction of the Earth Asteroid Impacts = Gravitational Attraction of the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emergency phase = First 2 weeks Restoration phase = Several months Reconstruction phase = Longer term, indefinite Full normality = After reconstruction is complete</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cause = Long-term buildup of conditions leading to a hazard Trigger = Short-term event initiating a hazard Conceptual Framework = Systematic way to record and analyze phenomena Systems Approach = Organizing analysis by energy source</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emergency work = Normal work stops or changes Restoration of services and communication = Normal work returns but not at full capacity Reconstruction = Material replaced, major new construction is completed and new phase begins Full normality = Life returns to normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volcanoes = Mantle convection Tornadoes = Atmospheric circulation Avalanches = Mass wasting Floods = Evaporated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clearing debris = Emergency work Repairing utilities = Restoration of services and communication Building new infrastructure = Reconstruction Resuming daily life = Full normality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radioactivity of elements = Release of energy from unstable atoms Collisions of atoms = Kinetic energy converted to heat Compression = Increase in pressure, generating heat Mantle convection = Transfer of heat within the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Earth's Internal Heat = Earthquakes and volcanoes Energy From the Sun = Violent storms Gravitational Attraction = Mass wasting processes Mantle Convection = Plate tectonics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evaporation = Atmosphere and ocean circulation Mantle Convection = Plate movement Downslope movement = Landslides Radioactivity = Earth's internal heating</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plate Tectonics = Earthquakes Atmospheric Circulation = Hurricanes Mass Wasting = Landslides Mantle convection = Volcanic Eruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Earth's Internal Heat = Seismic activity Energy From the Sun = Atmospheric phenomena Gravitational Attraction = Mass movements Solar Radiation = Climate variability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cause = Long-term condition buildup Trigger = Immediate initiating event Systems Approach = Integrated multidisciplinary analysis Conceptual Framework = Organization and analysis system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economic Globalization = Increased interconnectedness of economies making disasters impacts broader Multi-national Information Access = Wider sharing of data and learning about responses to hazards Negative Impact of Humans = Anthropogenic alteration of the environment increasing both frequency and magnitude of events Balanced, Multi-lateral Approach = Comprehensive study incorporating multiple aspects and perspectives on hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hazard Prediction through analysis = Using past data to estimate future events Risk Analysis = Quantifying hazardous processes to estimate probable consequences Linkages among hazards = The potential for one hazard to trigger another Increase in hazard damage = Combined effect of population growth and climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temporary closure of highways in BC = Disruption of ground transportation and supply chains Radiation leak in Japan = Trans-boundary effects of disasters Increased population = More people at risk when a disaster occurs Climate change = Increased frequency and magnitude of natural disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Earthquake = Tsunami generation Heavy Rain = Landslide occurrence Increased human activity = Increased risk and magnitude of hazards Population growth = Increased damage due to hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2011 Japan earthquake causing a radiation leak = Linkages among different natural hazards and between them and their physical environment Southern BC highways closing due to Nov 2021 rains = Damage from hazards is increasing Forecasting future activity based on past events = Hazards can be predicted through scientific analysis Estimating the probability of a specific event = Risk analysis is an important tool in understanding the effects of hazardous processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hazard = A dangerous phenomenon Disaster = Event causing significant disruption and loss Catastrophe = An overwhelming event with widespread severe impact Vulnerability = The potential for a population to suffer from an event</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequency = How often an event occurs Magnitude = The size or intensity of an event Return Period = Average time between events of similar size Impact = The ultimate effect of an event upon society and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hazard = The potential to cause harm Risk = The likelihood of harm taking place with known probability Vulnerability = A weakness in a system, without direct impact context Susceptibility = Something that is likely to happen to people as a result of risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disaster = An event limited in area with direct consequences Catastrophe = An event on a larger scale with direct and indirect consequences Hazard = The potential for harm without necessarily occuring Risk = The probability of event and consequence occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk = Dependent on probability Impact = The consequences if the risk occurs Uncertainty = Outcomes and probabilities not known to the decision-maker Vulnerability = Independent of of risk itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnitude = The amount of energy released by an event Frequency = How often a similar event happens Catastrophism = Importance of large, rare events shaping Earth Uniformitarianism = Importance of many small, frequent events</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk = An event that may or may not happen, with probability known Vulnerability = A weakness in a system without considering any impact Impact = What results if and when a risk occurs Susceptibility = Something that is likely to happen because of a risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk = An event with a known probability of occurrence Uncertainty = An event with unknown outcomes or probabilities of occuring Hazard = A potential to cause harm Impact = Consequences of a a risk occuring</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disaster = An event limited in area with direct effects Catastrophe = A larger scale event with direct and indirect effects Magnitude = Related to the amount of energy released by an event Frequency = How often an event of a similar type happens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnitude = The amount of energy released, affecting impact size Frequency = How often an event occurs, influencing overall risk Catastrophism = Geological theory emphasizing large catastrophic events Uniformitarianism = Geological theory emphasizing gradual change through time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk = Probability of an event occurring Impact = Consequences of an event should occur Vulnerability = Weakness in a system, independent of risk Susceptibility = Likelihood of someone being affected by a risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk = Determined by the event's chance of occurence Impact = Related to the severity of a risk's effects Uncertainty = Presence of unknown outcomes or probabilities Vulnerability = Present regardless of impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correlation = Statistical relationship showing how two variables move together, without implying cause Causation = Direct relationship where one variable's change produces a change in another Natural = Systems or actions not directly influenced by human activity Anthropogenic = Systems or actions influenced or caused by human activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avalanches = Rapid flow of snow down a slope Landslides = Movement of soil and rock down a slope Slip on ice = Reduction in friction causing a loss of balance Floods = Water levels that exceed capacity of a channel or region</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural hazard = A phenomenon that can cause harm or damage, occurring independent of human action Anthropogenic hazard = A phenomenon that can cause harm or damage, directly or indirectly influenced by human activity Hazard = A potentially dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity (e.g. building) or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts Risk = The probability of a specific hazard event causing some defined amount of harm, damage or other loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive correlation = Variables changing in the same direction Negative correlation = Variables changing in opposite directions Causation relationship = Change in one variable causes change in the other Correlation relationship = Variables move in association with each other, but are not a direct cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Climate warming leading to increased fires and floods = Predominantly anthropogenic, but with natural influences Earthquakes leading to tsunamis = Predominantly natural Landslide caused by clear-cutting forest for development = Predominantly anthropogenic Heavy rainfall leading to severe flooding = Predominantly natural, exacerbated by anthropogenic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Landslides = Slope, vegetation, saturation and seismic activity Avalanches = Slope, snowpack, temperature and weather Slip on ice = Temperature, surface condition, gravity and material type Flooding = Rainfall, snowmelt, channel capacity and land use</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volcanic Eruptions = Primarily natural Deforestation leading to soil erosion and landslides = Primarily anthropogenic A severe drought caused by a change in weather patterns = Primarily natural, but perhaps exacerbated by anthropogenic climate change Greenhouse gas emissions causing increased CO2 in atmosphere = Primarily anthropogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correlation = Two variables that co-occur or change together Positive Correlation = Two variables that increase or decrease together Negative Correlation = When one variable increases and the other decreases, or vice versa Causation = When one variable directly causes a change in another variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primarily Natural = Not directly impacted by humans Primarily Anthropogenic = Mostly or entirely a result of humans Nature influencing Natural Hazard = A system or process of the environment that has or increases the chances of a hazard occurring Human influencing Natural Hazard = An action by a person or group that has or increases the chance of a hazard occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Climate change = A significant change in the average weather patterns, it may be natural, but recent changes are largely driven by human activity Greenhouse Gas Emissions = The release of gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which helps trap heat from the sun Natural hazard = A natural event that can cause harm to humans Anthropogenic climate change = Changes to the climate that can be directly attributed to human actions and activity</p> Signup and view all the answers