NATO and French Withdrawal 1966

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Questions and Answers

Why did the French withdraw from NATO headquarters in 1966?

Following a disagreement with other NATO member states over military strategy

As a response to the UK's rejection from the European Economic Community

Because they were unhappy with the leadership of the US and UK in NATO (correct)

Due to financial constraints and budgetary concerns

What did De Gaulle's action in 1966 likely imply about France's commitment to NATO?

France would abandon its commitment to aid fellow members in case of an attack

France might pursue a defense policy different from other Western powers (correct)

France would refuse to participate in NATO's military operations

France would reduce its military spending and contribution to NATO

Why did Lyndon Johnson respond calmly to De Gaulle's action?

Because he didn't want to escalate the situation into a diplomatic crisis

Because he was relieved that France was leaving NATO

Because he believed it was a temporary setback

Because he respected France's sovereignty and decision-making (correct)

What was De Gaulle's main concern about the UK joining the European Economic Community?

He thought the UK's close ties to the US would compromise French sovereignty Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of De Gaulle's veto on the UK's membership in the EEC?

The UK's membership application was rejected indefinitely Signup and view all the answers

When did France return to integrated NATO command?

In 2009, under President Sarkozy Signup and view all the answers

Why did De Gaulle time his action in 1966?

After his successful re-election as president four months earlier Signup and view all the answers

What was the administrative consequence of France's withdrawal from NATO headquarters?

NATO headquarters was moved to a new site in Brussels Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern of de Gaulle regarding the EEC in 1965?

The centralizing tendencies that might undermine French independence Signup and view all the answers

Why did de Gaulle veto British accession to the EEC in 1967?

To maintain French independence Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the 1969 national referendum on constitutional reform in France?

De Gaulle lost the referendum and resigned Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the creation of new independent states in Asia and Africa?

The global domination of the rival blocs was challenged and altered Signup and view all the answers

Who succeeded de Gaulle as President of France in 1969?

Georges Pompidou Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor that contributed to a more multipolar world?

The split in the communist bloc Signup and view all the answers

What was the duration of Pompidou's presidency?

5 years Signup and view all the answers

Who became President of France in 1981, succeeding Giscard d'Estaing?

François Mitterrand Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of France's foreign policy under de Gaulle?

To maximize French independence and develop links with communist countries Signup and view all the answers

What was the term of Mitterrand's presidency?

Two 7-year terms Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of France's withdrawal from NATO's integrated military command structure in 1966?

NATO's headquarters were relocated from Paris to Brussels Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the conference of Bandung?

It was a challenge to the global domination of the rival blocs Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the situation where a President and Prime Minister are from different parties?

Cohabitation Signup and view all the answers

Why did France veto British candidacy to the EEC in 1963?

To protect French economic interests Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of France's boycott of the EEC in 1965?

The empty chair crisis occurred Signup and view all the answers

Why did France resist and try to maintain a dialogue with the Soviet Union?

To resist US domination and maintain independence Signup and view all the answers

What was a major event in 1967 that caught the attention of the two superpowers?

China exploded its first hydrogen bomb Signup and view all the answers

What was the sentiment towards China during the Johnson administration?

China was viewed as a pariah Signup and view all the answers

What was a major shift in US foreign policy during the Nixon presidency?

An increase in relations with China Signup and view all the answers

What was the event that marked the beginning of improved US-China relations?

Ping-pong diplomacy in 1971 Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the changing diplomatic landscape in 1979?

The United States switched recognition from Taipei to Beijing Signup and view all the answers

What was a major concern for the superpowers in response to China's growing nuclear capacity?

China's development of long-range rockets Signup and view all the answers

What was the tone of US-China relations before Nixon's presidency?

Hostile and confrontational Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the Nixon administration's policy towards China?

A shift from ideological struggle to great power confrontation Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the Summit being held at all?

It demonstrated the importance of the new relationship with Washington Signup and view all the answers

What was the main limitation of the ABM Treaty?

The number of ABM installations was limited to two per country with a maximum capacity of 100 Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Soviet Union have more ICBMs allowed under the Interim Agreement?

Because the Americans had a more developed MIRV program Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the SALT I Agreement?

To limit the number of nuclear weapons Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of MIRV technology in the SALT I negotiations?

It complicated the negotiations because of the system Signup and view all the answers

Why was the Interim Agreement on Offensive Missiles only temporary?

Because it was only a temporary solution to the nuclear arms race Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of the Soviet Union being allowed more ICBMs under the Interim Agreement?

The agreement was criticized in the USA for being unfair Signup and view all the answers

What was the context of the American involvement in Vietnam during the SALT I negotiations?

The Americans had installed a pro-Western dictator in the south Signup and view all the answers

What was Enver Hoxha's response to Khrushchev's policies?

He openly criticized Khrushchev and relied on Chinese aid. Signup and view all the answers

Why did Gheorghieu-Dej fear integration into COMECON?

Because it would make Romania an agricultural state. Signup and view all the answers

What was the event that marked a crack in the Eastern bloc in 1968?

The Prague Spring Signup and view all the answers

What was Alexander Dubček's approach to the economy?

He introduced market elements and encouraged free discussion of reforms. Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of the Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia?

The replacement of Dubček with Husak. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Operation Danube?

It was a Soviet military intervention in Czechoslovakia. Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of Moscow severing relations with Albania?

Albania remained a nominal member of the Warsaw Pact until 1968. Signup and view all the answers

What was the tone of Enver Hoxha's policy towards the Soviet Union?

Critical and independent. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main justification for the Soviet Union's invasion of Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan?

To protect the solidarity of socialist countries Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Sino-Soviet Split in 1963?

The split marked the end of the communist bloc's unity Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor in the deterioration of the Soviet-Chinese alliance?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What was the main principle behind the Brezhnev Doctrine?

Fraternal solidarity trumps national sovereignty Signup and view all the answers

What was the main factor that led to a more multipolar world?

The creation of new independent states in Asia and Africa Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the Sino-Soviet Split?

The Soviet Union became more isolated Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of France's foreign policy under de Gaulle?

To maximize French independence and develop links with communist countries Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern of Mao in the Sino-Soviet Split?

Posing as the 'true' anti-imperialist Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of France's withdrawal from NATO's integrated military command structure in 1966?

NATO headquarters relocated from Paris to Brussels Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Sino-Soviet Split in the context of the communist bloc?

It showed that the communist bloc was not monolithic Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the conference of Bandung?

It challenged the global domination of the rival blocs Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of France's boycott of the EEC in 1965?

The empty chair crisis occurred Signup and view all the answers

What was the Brezhnev Doctrine's stance on national sovereignty?

Fraternal solidarity trumps national sovereignty Signup and view all the answers

Why did France resist and try to maintain a dialogue with the Soviet Union?

To resist US domination and maintain independence Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Prague Spring of 1968?

It was a key factor in the split in the communist bloc Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of France's veto of British accession to the EEC in 1967?

The UK was delayed from joining the EEC until 1973 Signup and view all the answers

What was the strategy of the North Vietnamese and the insurgents in the South?

To prolong the fight and exhaust the enemy Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Ho Chi Minh Trail?

It was a supply route used by the North Vietnamese Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of the American action in Vietnam?

It widened divisions and encouraged extremism Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the Vietnamese support for the communist fraction in Cambodia?

Cambodia fell into communism Signup and view all the answers

What was the domino theory?

The idea that the fall of Vietnam would lead to the fall of other non-communist governments Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the events in Cambodia in 1975?

The Khmer Rouge regime was established Signup and view all the answers

What was the tactic used by the Americans in Vietnam?

Bombing everything in sight Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of the American involvement in Vietnam?

Divisions were widened and extremism was encouraged Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Summit being held at all?

It confirmed the new relationship with Washington was more important to Brezhnev than solidarity with his fellow Marxist-Leninists in Hanoi Signup and view all the answers

What was the main limitation of the ABM Treaty?

It limited the number of ABM installations to a total of two each with a maximum capacity of 100 ABMs Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Soviet Union have more ICBMs allowed under the Interim Agreement?

Because the Americans had a more developed MIRV program Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the SALT I Agreement?

To limit the proliferation of nuclear weapons Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of MIRV technology in the SALT I negotiations?

It gave the United States a technological advantage in terms of missile accuracy and payload capacity Signup and view all the answers

Why was the Interim Agreement on Offensive Missiles only temporary?

Because it was only a temporary measure to limit the proliferation of nuclear weapons Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of the Soviet Union being allowed more ICBMs under the Interim Agreement?

It gave the Soviet Union a strategic advantage in terms of nuclear deterrence Signup and view all the answers

What was the context of the American involvement in Vietnam during the SALT I negotiations?

The United States was fighting against a communist insurgency in South Vietnam Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Cuban missile crisis for the Soviet Union?

An increase in military investments Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the hot line between the USSR and the US?

It was a symbol of the two superpowers' willingness to negotiate Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of the Soviet Union's military investments after the Cuban crisis?

To equal the US in military power Signup and view all the answers

What was the reality that both superpowers realized after the Cuban crisis?

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) Signup and view all the answers

What did the Soviet Union learn from the Cuban missile crisis?

The dangers of direct confrontation Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the year 1963 in terms of disarmament negotiations?

It was the year of the first disarmament negotiations (PTBT) Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the high American military spending?

It failed to deliver dividends in strategic terms Signup and view all the answers

Who was able to assert his independence in 1960 and relied on Chinese aid?

Enver Hoxha Signup and view all the answers

What was the tone of the era after the Cuban missile crisis?

One of peaceful coexistence Signup and view all the answers

What was the main concern of Gheorghieu-Dej regarding integration into COMECON?

Fear of industrial production being concentrated in East Germany and Czechoslovakia Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Operation Danube in 1968?

Military intervention with 500,000 strong forces Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of Moscow severing relations with Albania in 1961?

Albania remained a nominal member of the Warsaw Pact Signup and view all the answers

What was the main characteristic of the Prague Spring?

Strong calls for market-oriented reforms Signup and view all the answers

Who replaced Alexander Dubček in 1969?

Husak Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the year 1968 in the Eastern bloc?

The most noticeable crack in the Eastern bloc occurred Signup and view all the answers

What was the tone of Enver Hoxha's policy towards the Soviet Union?

Critical and oppositional Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the détente policy?

To ease tensions and improve security in Europe Signup and view all the answers

What was the dual-track policy of NATO?

Deterrence and détente Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the 'Report of the Council on the Future Tasks of the Alliance'?

It outlined the twin purpose of NATO as political and military Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of more states recognizing East Germany?

It undermined West Germany's Hallstein Doctrine Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of Ostpolitik?

To improve relations between East and West Germany Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Harmel Report?

It outlined NATO's dual purpose as political and military Signup and view all the answers

What was the goal of NATO according to the Harmel Report?

To ease tensions between both camps and provide stability in Europe Signup and view all the answers

What marked a shift towards a more cooperative approach in NATO?

The Harmel Report Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of détente between the US and the Soviet Union?

To avoid nuclear war Signup and view all the answers

What marked the beginning of the real détente period between the US and the Soviet Union?

Nixon's presidency in 1969 Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the hot line established in 1963 between the US and the Soviet Union?

To improve direct communication between the two superpowers Signup and view all the answers

What was a major achievement of the détente period?

The signing of the SALT I and II agreements Signup and view all the answers

What was the period of peaceful co-existence between the US and the Soviet Union also known as?

Détente Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in Helsinki in 1975?

It was a major achievement of the détente period Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979?

It marked the end of the détente period Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of the US in establishing détente with the Soviet Union?

To limit the nuclear arms race and avoid nuclear war Signup and view all the answers

What event strengthened Johnson's ability to fight the Vietnam war?

An attack on the USS Maddox Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Gulf of Tonkin incident?

The Senate passed a motion allowing Johnson to take necessary measures Signup and view all the answers

Why did Johnson decide to commit US ground troops to Vietnam?

Because of the growing frustration of the US military Signup and view all the answers

What tactic did the communists use to counter US forces?

They melted away and returned when US forces had moved on Signup and view all the answers

What did Robert McNamara report to Johnson after visiting South Vietnam?

That increased American action was necessary Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the US's 'search and destroy' missions?

The communists would return to old haunts when US forces had moved on Signup and view all the answers

When did Johnson decide to commit US ground troops to Vietnam?

In 1965 Signup and view all the answers

What did the Senate motion on August 7 allow Johnson to do?

Take all necessary measures to repel armed attacks Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

French Withdrawal from NATO

1966: France withdrew from NATO's integrated military command structure under President De Gaulle, who was displeased with America's domination of NATO and the special relation between the US and the UK.
France did not end its commitment to NATO, nor did it categorically state that NATO could not use French soil in the event of war.
France's withdrawal caused administrative inconvenience, leading to NATO headquarters being moved from Paris to Brussels.

European Economic Community (EEC)

1963: De Gaulle vetoed British candidacy to the EEC, fearing British membership would lead to American influence in the EEC.
1965: De Gaulle boycotted EEC meetings to prevent further centralization of the EEC.
1967: De Gaulle vetoed British membership to the EEC again; the UK would only accede to the EEC in 1973.

De Gaulle's Foreign Policy

De Gaulle was critical of US domination and sought to maximize French independence.
He developed links with communist countries and pursued a policy of independence from the US.

Post-De Gaulle Era

1969: De Gaulle resigned after losing a national referendum on constitutional reform.
Georges Pompidou was elected President after De Gaulle's resignation.
Pompidou died in 1974, and Valéry Giscard d'Estaing became President.
François Mitterrand became President in 1981 and served for two terms until 1995.
Jacques Chirac succeeded Mitterrand as President from 1995 to 2007.

Triangular Diplomacy

Nixon Presidency: improved relations with the USSR and exploited the Sino-Soviet split.
"We simply cannot afford to leave China forever outside the family of nations" - Nixon, 1967.
Third-party diplomacy (1969), ping-pong diplomacy (1971), and Kissinger's visit to Beijing (1971) led to Nixon's visit to China (1972).
One China policy and recognition of Beijing China (switch from Taipei) in 1979.

China's Nuclear Capability

1967: China exploded its first hydrogen bomb, refusing to contemplate non-proliferation and developing long-range rockets to carry nuclear warheads.
Both the US and USSR reacted with concern to China's growing nuclear capacity.

SALT I Agreements

The Interim Agreement on Offensive Missiles limited the number of missiles for each country to unequal ceilings.
The Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty restricted the number of ABM installations to two each with a maximum capacity of 100 ABMs.
The SALT I Agreements aimed to stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

Communist Bloc and Soviet Dominance

Albania and Romania's independence from Soviet dominance
- Albania's Stalinist dictator Enver Hoxha criticized Khrushchev and relied on Chinese aid
- Romania feared integration via COMECON would leave it as an agricultural state
Prague Spring (1968)
- Harsh regime under Antonin Novotny (1953-1968)
- Replaced by Alexander Dubček, introducing market elements and free discussion
- Brezhnev's warnings and military intervention (Operation Danube) led to Dubček's replacement by Husak (April 1969)

France and European Politics

De Gaulle's independence from US domination
- Developed links with communist countries
- Criticized US domination, maximizing French independence
France's withdrawal from NATO's integrated military command structure (1966)
France's role in the EEC
- Vetoed British candidacy (1963 and 1967)
- Boycotted to prevent further centralization (1965)

Brezhnev Doctrine and Sino-Soviet Split

Brezhnev Doctrine (1968)
- Justification for invasion of Czechoslovakia and later Afghanistan
- Solidarity between nations trumps national sovereignty
Sino-Soviet Split
- Communist bloc not monolithic
- Detente vs. international proletarian revolution
- Mao posed as 'true' anti-imperialist
- Personal animosity between Mao and Khrushchev

Geopolitics and International Relations

SALT I Agreements (1972)
- Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty and Interim Agreement on Offensive Missiles
Vietnam War
- Americans installed a pro-western dictator in the south
- Insurgents did not need to win battles, just stay in the war
- Ho Chi Minh and de Gaulle confident in communist victory
Cambodian Civil War and Khmer Rouge Regime
- Overthrow of Prince Sihanouk and rise of Pol Pot's regime (1975)
- Border attacks on Vietnam

Crack in the Eastern Bloc

Enver Hoxha, the Stalinist dictator of Albania, asserted independence in 1960, openly criticizing Khrushchev and relying on Chinese aid to compensate for the economic embargo imposed by the Soviets.
In 1961, Moscow severed relations with Albania, though it remained a nominal member of the Warsaw Pact until 1968.
Romania, under Gheorghieu-Dej, feared that economic integration via COMECON would leave Romania as an agricultural state, while industrial production was concentrated in East Germany and Czechoslovakia.

The Prague Spring

Harsh regime under Antonin Novotny (1953-68)
Strong calls for reforms led to Novotny's replacement by Alexander Dubček in 1968
Introduction of market elements in the economy, free discussion of reforms, and Dubček's emphasis on loyalty to the Warsaw Pact
Multiple warnings from Brezhnev, military maneuvers as intimidation, and Operation Danube (August 1968) led to Dubček's replacement by Husak in April 1969

Peaceful Coexistence and the Rise of Multipolarity (1963-71)

The Cuban missile crisis made both sides aware of the dangers of direct confrontation, leading to:
- The opening of a hot line between the USSR and the US
- First disarmament negotiations (PTBT in 1963, NPT in 1968)
- Nuclear technology and parity between the US and USSR
- Real détente after Nixon's election in 1969

Détente

Easing of tensions between the two superpowers through mutual recognition and non-interference in each other's affairs
Objectives:
- Avoid nuclear war
- Limit the nuclear arms race
- Hope for economic benefits
Major achievements:
- Arms negotiations (SALT I & II)
- Ostpolitik and Détente as a European project
- Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Helsinki (1975)

NATO's Dual-Track Policy

Twin purpose of the alliance: political and military
Goal: counter Moscow and the Warsaw Pact militarily if necessary, while easing tensions between both camps and providing stability in Europe
Dual-track policy: deterrence and détente

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This quiz is about France's withdrawal from NATO's military command in 1966. It explores the reasons behind this decision, including America's dominance and the special relationship between the US and the UK.

NATO and French Withdrawal 1966

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Questions and Answers

Why did the French withdraw from NATO headquarters in 1966?

What did De Gaulle's action in 1966 likely imply about France's commitment to NATO?

Why did Lyndon Johnson respond calmly to De Gaulle's action?

What was De Gaulle's main concern about the UK joining the European Economic Community?

What was the consequence of De Gaulle's veto on the UK's membership in the EEC?

When did France return to integrated NATO command?

Why did De Gaulle time his action in 1966?

What was the administrative consequence of France's withdrawal from NATO headquarters?

What was the primary concern of de Gaulle regarding the EEC in 1965?

Why did de Gaulle veto British accession to the EEC in 1967?

What was the outcome of the 1969 national referendum on constitutional reform in France?

What was a consequence of the creation of new independent states in Asia and Africa?

Who succeeded de Gaulle as President of France in 1969?

What was a key factor that contributed to a more multipolar world?

What was the duration of Pompidou's presidency?

Who became President of France in 1981, succeeding Giscard d'Estaing?

What was the main goal of France's foreign policy under de Gaulle?

What was the term of Mitterrand's presidency?

What was the result of France's withdrawal from NATO's integrated military command structure in 1966?

What was the significance of the conference of Bandung?

What is the term used to describe the situation where a President and Prime Minister are from different parties?

Why did France veto British candidacy to the EEC in 1963?

What was the result of France's boycott of the EEC in 1965?

Why did France resist and try to maintain a dialogue with the Soviet Union?

What was a major event in 1967 that caught the attention of the two superpowers?

What was the sentiment towards China during the Johnson administration?

What was a major shift in US foreign policy during the Nixon presidency?

What was the event that marked the beginning of improved US-China relations?

What was the result of the changing diplomatic landscape in 1979?

What was a major concern for the superpowers in response to China's growing nuclear capacity?

What was the tone of US-China relations before Nixon's presidency?

What was the result of the Nixon administration's policy towards China?

What was significant about the Summit being held at all?

What was the main limitation of the ABM Treaty?

Why did the Soviet Union have more ICBMs allowed under the Interim Agreement?

What was the purpose of the SALT I Agreement?

What was the significance of MIRV technology in the SALT I negotiations?

Why was the Interim Agreement on Offensive Missiles only temporary?

What was the consequence of the Soviet Union being allowed more ICBMs under the Interim Agreement?

What was the context of the American involvement in Vietnam during the SALT I negotiations?

What was Enver Hoxha's response to Khrushchev's policies?

Why did Gheorghieu-Dej fear integration into COMECON?

What was the event that marked a crack in the Eastern bloc in 1968?

What was Alexander Dubček's approach to the economy?

What was the consequence of the Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia?

What was the significance of Operation Danube?

What was the consequence of Moscow severing relations with Albania?

What was the tone of Enver Hoxha's policy towards the Soviet Union?

What was the main justification for the Soviet Union's invasion of Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan?

What was the outcome of the Sino-Soviet Split in 1963?

What was a key factor in the deterioration of the Soviet-Chinese alliance?

What was the main principle behind the Brezhnev Doctrine?

What was the main factor that led to a more multipolar world?

What was a consequence of the Sino-Soviet Split?

What was the primary goal of France's foreign policy under de Gaulle?

What was the primary concern of Mao in the Sino-Soviet Split?

What was the consequence of France's withdrawal from NATO's integrated military command structure in 1966?

What was the significance of the Sino-Soviet Split in the context of the communist bloc?

What was the significance of the conference of Bandung?

What was the outcome of France's boycott of the EEC in 1965?

What was the Brezhnev Doctrine's stance on national sovereignty?

Why did France resist and try to maintain a dialogue with the Soviet Union?

What was the significance of the Prague Spring of 1968?

What was the result of France's veto of British accession to the EEC in 1967?

What was the strategy of the North Vietnamese and the insurgents in the South?

What was the significance of the Ho Chi Minh Trail?

What was the consequence of the American action in Vietnam?

What was the result of the Vietnamese support for the communist fraction in Cambodia?

What was the domino theory?

What was the significance of the events in Cambodia in 1975?

What was the tactic used by the Americans in Vietnam?

What was the consequence of the American involvement in Vietnam?

What was the significance of the Summit being held at all?

What was the main limitation of the ABM Treaty?

Why did the Soviet Union have more ICBMs allowed under the Interim Agreement?

What was the purpose of the SALT I Agreement?