Native American Societies Quiz

The belief that non-human entities, such as animals, plants, and natural objects, possess spiritual essences or souls.

A system of forced labor imposed by the Spanish on Native Americans in the Americas. Spanish colonists were granted land and control over Native populations, effectively enslaving them.

The exchange of goods, people, diseases, ideas, and cultures between Europe, Africa, and the Americas following the arrival of Columbus in 1492.

A major Native American rebellion against Spanish rule in 1680. Led by Pueblo leader Popé, the rebellion resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Spanish colonists and the destruction of Catholic churches.

People of mixed Native American and European heritage.

The belief that Native Americans were uncivilized compared to Europeans, justifying their subjugation and colonization.

The three main motives for European colonization of the Americas; gold, glory, and God.

An alliance of five Iroquois nations (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca). They were known for their complex political system and their dominance in the Northeast.

A system of government where power is divided among three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, each with its own specific responsibilities.

A document that outlines the basic rights and freedoms of citizens.

The first national government of the United States, established after the Revolutionary War.

A legislature with only one chamber or house.

The ability of a government to impose and collect taxes from its citizens.

A plan for the orderly expansion of the United States westward, dividing territories into states as their populations grew.

A system for surveying and selling land in the Northwest Territory, setting aside some land for education.

A law that established procedures for territories to become states, including a population requirement and a ban on slavery.

A rebellion by farmers in Massachusetts demanding lower taxes and debt relief, highlighting the weakness of the Articles of Confederation.

A meeting of delegates from five states in 1786 to discuss trade and commerce, leading to the call for a Constitutional Convention.

A meeting of delegates from all 13 states in 1787 to discuss revising the Articles of Confederation, ultimately leading to the creation of the United States Constitution.

A proposal for a strong national government with a bicameral legislature, where representation would be based on population size.

A proposal for a weaker national government with a unicameral legislature, where each state would have equal representation.

A compromise reached at the Constitutional Convention, establishing a bicameral legislature with a Senate (2 reps per state) and a House of Representatives (based on population).

A compromise reached at the Constitutional Convention, counting three-fifths of enslaved people towards a state's population for representation in the House of Representatives.

A system where colonies exist solely to enrich the mother country through access to raw materials, resources, and trade for profit.

A type of colonial governance where a company, funded by investors (stockholders), manages a colony and profits from its resources & trade.

A type of colonial governance where the king grants land to individuals or groups who then govern it under certain terms.

A type of colonial governance where the colony is directly funded and ruled by the monarchy.

A period of time where Britain largely ignored the governance of the colonies, allowing considerable autonomy and self-rule. This contributed to the development of colonial identity and independence.

A cash crop that was key to Virginia's economy and led to the development of the plantation system, where large-scale agriculture used enslaved labor.

A labor system where people contract to work for a specific time in exchange for passage to the colonies and a chance to better their lives. Often harsh and exploitative.

A system used in Virginia where land was granted to individuals who paid for the passage of others to the colony, encouraging colonization and population growth.

The first elected representative body in the colonies, established in Virginia in 1619. It laid the foundation for future democratic institutions and governance.

A series of conflicts between English colonists and the Powhatan Confederacy over territory, resources, and cultural differences.

A rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon in 1676, driven by frustrations with land scarcity, lack of political power, and Indian attacks. It highlighted social and economic tensions in the colony and ultimately led to a shift towards African slave labor.

An act passed by the Maryland assembly in 1649, guaranteeing religious freedom for all Christians. It was significant for its attempt to promote religious tolerance but also discriminated against non-Christians like Jews and Muslims.

A series of wars between England, France, and their allies in Europe, which impacted the colonies in North America. These wars involved territorial disputes and struggles for dominance in the New World.

A plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 to unite the colonies under a single government to coordinate defense against French and Indian threats. Though unsuccessful, it demonstrated early colonial unity and collaboration.

A war fought by Britain and its colonies against France and its Indian allies for control of North America. It ended with a British victory and led to significant territorial gains for Britain.

A rebellion by Native American tribes led by Pontiac in 1745. It was a response to British expansion and encroachment on indigenous lands following the French and Indian War.

A 1794 battle in which the U.S. Army led by General Anthony Wayne decisively defeated a Native American confederation, effectively ending significant Native resistance in the Ohio Valley.

A treaty signed in 1795 between the United States and various Native American tribes, ceding a large portion of the Ohio Valley to the United States.

A policy of non-involvement in foreign conflicts, advocated by George Washington in his farewell address.

The first U.S. presidential election after the ratification of the Constitution, in which John Adams defeated Thomas Jefferson by a narrow margin.

A diplomatic incident in which French officials demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats before negotiating a treaty to end the Quasi-War.

An undeclared naval war between France and the United States from 1798 to 1800, stemming from the XYZ Affair and disagreements over the Neutrality Policy.

A series of laws passed by the Federalist Party in 1789, aimed at suppressing political dissent and limiting immigration during a period of political tension.

State resolutions passed by Kentucky and Virginia in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, arguing that states had the right to nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional.

The U.S. presidential election of 1800, marked by a close contest between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, which resulted in the peaceful transition of power from the Federalist Party to the Democratic-Republican Party.

The idea that the transfer of power from the Federalist Party to the Democratic-Republican Party in the 1800 election marked a fundamental change in U.S. political ideology and government.

A last-minute attempt by President John Adams to appoint Federalist judges to ensure their dominant influence in the judiciary, just before his term ended in 1801.

A 1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, empowering the court to declare laws unconstitutional.

The purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803, significantly expanding the size of the United States.

A scientific expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, tasked with exploring the trans-Mississippi West following the Louisiana Purchase.

A policy of forcibly enlisting sailors into the British Navy, primarily from American merchant ships, that caused significant friction between the United States and Great Britain.

The idea that colonists, despite not having direct representatives in Parliament, were still represented by the British government because Parliament acted in the interests of all British subjects, regardless of location.

A series of boycotts against British imports, organized by colonists to protest unfair taxation. It saw significant success in pressuring British Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act.

A law passed by Britain that declared Parliament's ultimate authority over the colonies, ensuring that England's power over the colonies remained unchanged.

A series of taxes placed by the British Parliament on imports to the colonies, including paper, tea, and glass. These acts were particularly contentious because they levied indirect taxes on colonists, sparking further protests and discontent.

A letter series written by John Dickinson, arguing against British taxation without representation.

A significant event where British troops opened fire on a group of colonists, killing five civilians, leading to rising tensions and further fueling the revolutionary spirit.

A network of committees established by colonists to communicate and coordinate resistance against British policies. These committees played a vital role in spreading information and mobilizing opposition throughout the colonies, ultimately contributing to the revolutionary movement.

A law that granted a monopoly to the British East India Company to sell tea in the colonies, effectively undercutting colonial merchants and leading to increased resentment towards British policies.

A protest organized by the Sons of Liberty, where colonists dressed as Native Americans dumped 342 chests of British East India Company tea into Boston Harbor, marking a significant act of defiance against British control.

A series of punitive acts passed by the British Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party, designed to punish Massachusetts and curb colonial dissent. These acts included closing the Boston port, limiting the power of the Massachusetts legislature, and allowing for the quartering of British troops in colonial homes.

A law passed by the British Parliament that expanded the boundary of Quebec into the Ohio River Valley, and established Roman Catholicism as the official religion of the province. This act stirred up trouble and contributed to colonial resentment, particularly among Protestants who saw it as a threat to their interests and to expansion into the West.

The first gathering of colonial delegates from all colonies except Georgia, convened to address grievances against British policies. Despite not seeking independence, the Congress drafted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances to express their concerns to the British government, paving the way for further actions toward independence.

A significant battle that marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary War, where British soldiers clashed with colonial militia, resulting in eight deaths and initiating a full-scale conflict for independence.

The second gathering of colonial delegates, where the decision to declare independence was debated and ultimately adopted. This congress also established the Continental Army, appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief, and drafted the Declaration of Independence, marking a crucial turning point in the American Revolution.

A battle that occurred in Massachusetts in June 1775, where colonial forces defended their positions against a British attack, displaying their ability to withstand British military power. While the British won the battle, it showed the colonists' determination to fight for independence.

A peace petition sent by the Continental Congress to King George III, aiming to avoid further conflict and restore relations with Britain. However, the petition was dismissed by the King, solidifying the divide between the colonies and Britain and leading to further escalation of the conflict.

A document drafted by Thomas Jefferson, declaring the independence of the thirteen American colonies from British rule. It declared the inherent rights of man, including the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that argued for American independence and the principles of natural rights. It profoundly influenced public opinion and played a significant role in rallying support for the Revolution.

A period in American history marked by a sense of national unity and optimism following the War of 1812, characterized by a single dominant political party, the Democratic-Republican party.

The increasing tensions and disagreements between different regions of the United States, especially the North, South, and West, during the early 19th century.

A comprehensive economic plan proposed by Henry Clay, advocating for a protective tariff, a national bank, and internal improvements to foster American economic growth and infrastructure.

A financial crisis that struck the United States in 1819, caused by over-speculation in western lands and a subsequent economic downturn.

A political compromise that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while also prohibiting slavery in territories north of 36°30’ latitude.

A proposed amendment to the Missouri statehood bill that would have gradually emancipated slaves in Missouri, but it was ultimately rejected by the South.

A series of Supreme Court decisions under Chief Justice John Marshall, which strengthened the power of the federal government and established the supremacy of federal laws over state laws.

A landmark Supreme Court case (1819) that affirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States and established the principle of implied powers for the federal government.

A significant Supreme Court case (1824) that upheld the federal government's exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce.

A declaration made by President James Monroe in 1823, warning European powers against further colonization or interference in the Western Hemisphere.

A political maneuver that involved alleged corrupt maneuvering by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to secure the presidency in the 1824 election. Jackson accused Adams of trading a cabinet position for Clay's support.

A political system where political parties hold conventions to nominate candidates for office. This method replaced the older caucus system, where a small group of party members selected the nominee.

A practice in which victorious political parties reward their supporters with government positions, often favoring loyalty over merit.

A significant political and constitutional crisis that arose when South Carolina threatened to nullify (declare void) a federal tariff law it considered unconstitutional. It challenged the federal government's authority and ultimately resulted in a compromise that reduced tariffs.

A movement advocating for the non-consumption of alcoholic beverages, often rooted in moral and religious beliefs.

The practice of treating slaves as personal property, subject to ownership and transfer, rather than human beings.

A system of laws and regulations governing the conduct of enslaved people, especially after rebellions, often increasingly harsh and restrictive.

A period of time in the South characterized by its reliance on agriculture and slave labor.

A movement advocating for the immediate and unconditional end of slavery, often employing moral and religious arguments.

A style of preaching that emphasizes responsibility and combines elements of African and Christian traditions, often found in African American communities.

A major slave rebellion led by Nat Turner in 1831, resulting in the deaths of white people and leading to a crackdown on enslaved African Americans and harsher slave codes.

A set of principles emphasizing individual intuition, self-reliance, and a connection to nature, often associated with writers like Emerson and Thoreau.

A movement advocating for equal rights and opportunities for women, often focusing on issues like suffrage and property rights.

A convention in 1848 marking a pivotal moment in the women's rights movement, where women declared their equality and demanded suffrage.

A belief that women should focus on domesticity and motherhood, viewed as their primary roles in society.

The belief that public education is essential for instilling republican values, promoting discipline, and integrating immigrants into American society.

A reformer who dedicated her life to improving the treatment of the mentally ill, advocating for better conditions and professional care.

The invention that revolutionized cotton production by significantly increasing its efficiency, contributing to the expansion of slavery and the Southern economy.

A period of major economic and social change marking the growth of industries, markets, and transportation.

President Jackson's refusal to recognize the Cherokee Nation's sovereignty, leading to the forced removal of thousands of Cherokee people westward on the Trail of Tears in 1838.

Jackson's confrontation with the Second Bank of the United States, which he viewed as a symbol of elitism and economic power; he vetoed its recharter in 1832, withdrew federal funds, and placed them in state banks.

A policy implemented in 1836 requiring the purchase of public land with gold or silver coins, contributing to a financial crisis and the Panic of 1837.

A political party formed in the 1830s that favored a strong central government, supporting public education, moral reforms, and a national bank.

A political party formed in the 1830s that advocated for a limited national government, emphasizing states' rights and limited federal intervention in the economy and social issues.

A conflict between Texas and Mexico that culminated in Texas declaring independence in 1836, sparked by Mexico's abolition of slavery and restrictions on immigration.

A textile factory system in Massachusetts that employed young, unmarried women from New England farms and Irish immigrants, offering them wages and housing.

A crucial Supreme Court case that recognized the legality of labor unions, allowing workers to organize and negotiate for better conditions.

A religious revival movement that emphasized personal conversion, emotionalism, and democratic church governance, leading to the formation of new denominations like the Methodists and Baptists.

A group of settlers in the 1840s who were persecuted for their religious beliefs and led by Brigham Young to Utah, settling in the Salt Lake Valley.

A religious philosophy that emphasized reason and science over biblical literalism, believing in God as the creator but emphasizing human capacity for morality.

A reform movement that aimed to improve the conditions of the mentally ill and criminals, advocating for more humane treatment and rehabilitation in prisons.

A Congressional resolution passed between 1836 and 1844 that banned the discussion of anti-slavery petitions in the House of Representatives.

A political belief that it was America's destined duty to expand across the entire continent, driven by notions of white superiority and ignoring the rights of indigenous populations.

The belief that the people of a territory should have the power to decide whether or not to allow slavery.

A dispute between the United States and Great Britain over control of the Oregon Territory. Known for the slogan '54 40 or fight!' which represented the northern boundary line desired by some Americans.

The 1846 treaty that resolved the Oregon Dispute, establishing the 49th parallel as the border between the United States and Canada.

The war between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848, triggered by disagreement over the Texas border and Mexican resistance to American territorial ambitions.

A proposed amendment that aimed to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico after the Mexican-American War.

A political movement opposed to the expansion of slavery into new territories.

A discovery of gold in California in 1848 that sparked a massive migration of people to the region in search of wealth.

A set of compromises passed by Congress in 1850 to address issues related to slavery and territorial expansion, including admitting California as a free state and enacting a stricter Fugitive Slave Act.

A law passed as part of the Compromise of 1850 that required the return of runaway slaves to their owners, even in states with abolitionist sentiments.

A network of secret routes and safe houses in the United States that helped slaves escape to freedom in the North or Canada.

Laws passed by some Northern states in response to the Fugitive Slave Act, designed to protect fugitive slaves and weaken its enforcement.

Groups formed in Northern cities during the 1850s to protect fugitive slaves from being captured by slave catchers.

A plan proposed by Southern politicians who advocated for the U.S. to acquire Cuba from Spain, fueled by the desire to expand slavery.

The Civil Rights Act of 1866, passed by Congress to combat Black Codes by granting citizenship and equal rights to African Americans, faced presidential opposition but was ultimately enacted by overriding President Johnson's veto.

The 14th Amendment, granting citizenship and equal protection to all born in the US, was part of Reconstruction efforts to secure rights for African Americans. Southern states were required to ratify it for readmission into the Union, although many initially refused.

The Reconstruction Act of 1867 divided the South into military districts under Union generals, effectively placing the South under military rule until they drafted new constitutions granting African American men voting rights and ratified the 14th Amendment.

Radical Republicans, led by Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, championed Reconstruction policies to ensure civil rights for African Americans and reshape Southern society.

The Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist group, rose during Reconstruction, using intimidation and violence to undermine Reconstruction governments and restore white dominance.

President Johnson, facing opposition from Congress over Reconstruction policies, was impeached in 1868. This came from his attempt to remove Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, a Radical Republican ally, without Senate approval.

The 15th Amendment (1870) prohibited states from denying voting rights based on race, color, or previous servitude, aiming to protect African American suffrage, especially in the South where disenfranchisement efforts persisted.

Challenges to Reconstruction's implementation included economic distress, political corruption, and continuous racial violence. By 1877, with waning Northern interest and the Compromise of 1877, federal troops were withdrawn from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction.

"Redeemer" governments emerged in the South after Reconstruction, reversing many of the advancements made during Reconstruction and leading to the establishment of Jim Crow laws and disenfranchisement of African Americans.

Chapter 22 of The American Pageant details the complex and challenging Reconstruction era, where political battles, securing rights for freedmen, and the eventual collapse of Reconstruction initiatives all played a part, setting the stage for ongoing civil rights struggles in the 20th century.

The 1853 purchase of a strip of land from Mexico for $10 million, expanding the U.S. Southwest.

A congressional act that opened up Kansas and Nebraska to settlement and allowed popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery in those territories. It repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had prohibited slavery north of the 36°30' parallel, leading to a major conflict.

A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that portrayed the horrors of slavery, sparking outrage in the North and contributing to the abolitionist movement.

The violent conflict that erupted in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces. This bloodshed highlighted the depth of the divisions over slavery.

The act of a mob attacking a group of people, often as a form of violent protest.

A political party formed in the North as a response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. They opposed the expansion of slavery into the territories.

A speech given by Charles Sumner, a senator from Massachusetts, in which he condemned the violence in Bleeding Kansas and insulted Andrew Butler, a pro-slavery senator. This event led to a physical attack on Sumner by Preston Brooks.

A constitution proposed by pro-slavery supporters in Kansas. It was rejected by Congress but illustrated the ongoing battles over slavery in the territories.

An 1857 Supreme Court case where a slave named Dred Scott sued for his freedom. The court ruled that African Americans were not citizens and could not sue, thus making the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.

A series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858, where they discussed the issue of slavery in the territories. Lincoln challenged Douglas's position on popular sovereignty, elevating Lincoln as a national figure.

An abolitionist who led a failed raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859, in hopes of starting a slave revolt. His actions were seen as a catalyst for the Civil War.

A proposed compromise before the Civil War that aimed to appease the South by restoring the Missouri Compromise line. It failed to pass, highlighting the growing divide between North and South.

The first major battle of the Civil War, fought in July 1861 at Manassas, VA. It was a Confederate victory that shattered Union hopes for a quick war.

A series of battles in Virginia from June 25th to July 1st,1862. This marked the end of General George McClellan's campaign. The Union retreating led to further changes in leadership.

A plan to win the Civil War by blockading Southern ports, emancipating enslaved people, and controlling key rivers and territories.

A type of warship covered in iron plating, revolutionizing naval warfare during the Civil War. The Confederate "Merrimack" and the Union "Monitor" fought in a pivotal battle.

The bloodiest single day in American history, fought in September 1862, where Confederate General Lee's invasion of the North was stopped by Union forces. It ended in a tactical draw, but it was a strategic Union victory.

A proclamation issued by President Lincoln in January 1863, declaring freedom for enslaved people in Confederate-held territories. While not immediately freeing all enslaved people, it redefined the war's purpose and strengthened the Union's moral position.

The period after the Civil War, marked by efforts to rebuild the South and integrate former Confederate states into the Union. It also brought about a significant shift in the status of African Americans with the passing of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments.

President Lincoln's plan for readmitting Southern states into the Union after the Civil War, requiring 10% of voters from the 1860 election to pledge allegiance to the Union. It was considered lenient, but it angered Radical Republicans.

A plan proposed by Radical Republicans in Congress in 1864, demanding a more stringent approach to Reconstruction than Lincoln's 10 Percent Plan. It required 50% of voters to take an oath of allegiance and included stronger safeguards for emancipation.

President Johnson's approach to Reconstruction, focused on pardoning former Confederates and allowing Southern states to organize new governments. He believed in leniency but faced opposition from Radical Republicans in Congress.

A federal agency established in 1865 to help African Americans and impoverished whites in the South. It provided services like food, clothing, healthcare, and education.

A struggle for control over Reconstruction policy between President Johnson and Congress. Congress believed in more stringent policies to protect the rights of African Americans while Johnson favored a more Lenient approach.

The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, passed during Reconstruction following the Civil War, aimed to guarantee the abolition of slavery, civil rights for all citizens, and voting rights for African American men.

The period of Southern history following the Civil War, where formerly enslaved people faced economic hardship and discrimination, despite some progress in education, legal rights, and voting.

The period of Reconstruction ended in 1877, marking a shift in power and policy in the South. It saw the removal of federal troops from the Southern states and the return of white supremacy, leading to a systematic disenfranchisement of African Americans.

The systemic disenfranchisement and suppression of African Americans in the South following Reconstruction. It involved the use of violence, intimidation, and discriminatory laws to prevent African Americans from exercising their voting rights effectively.