Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the primary reason for launching the Non-Cooperation Movement?
What was the primary reason for launching the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Which of the following actions was NOT part of the Non-Cooperation Movement proposed by Gandhiji?
Which of the following actions was NOT part of the Non-Cooperation Movement proposed by Gandhiji?
What factor contributed to the failure of the Non-Cooperation Movement in urban areas?
What factor contributed to the failure of the Non-Cooperation Movement in urban areas?
Who was the prominent leader of the peasant movement in Awadh?
Who was the prominent leader of the peasant movement in Awadh?
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What was the primary cause of the Alluri Sitaram Raju's rebellion in Andhra Pradesh?
What was the primary cause of the Alluri Sitaram Raju's rebellion in Andhra Pradesh?
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In the context of the Non-Cooperation Movement, what did Swaraj signify for plantation workers?
In the context of the Non-Cooperation Movement, what did Swaraj signify for plantation workers?
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What role did the Oudh Kisan Sabha play in the peasant movements during the Non-Cooperation Movement?
What role did the Oudh Kisan Sabha play in the peasant movements during the Non-Cooperation Movement?
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Which statement reflects the differing aspirations of various social groups within the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement?
Which statement reflects the differing aspirations of various social groups within the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement?
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Which event prompted Mahatma Gandhi to halt the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Which event prompted Mahatma Gandhi to halt the Non-Cooperation Movement?
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What was the main reason for the formation of the Swaraj Party within the Congress?
What was the main reason for the formation of the Swaraj Party within the Congress?
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Which international crisis significantly influenced Indian politics in the late 1920s?
Which international crisis significantly influenced Indian politics in the late 1920s?
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What was the main action taken by Gandhiji during the Salt March?
What was the main action taken by Gandhiji during the Salt March?
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Which feature characterized the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Which feature characterized the Civil Disobedience Movement?
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How did the British Government respond to the Civil Disobedience Movement?
How did the British Government respond to the Civil Disobedience Movement?
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What was a significant outcome of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed in March 1931?
What was a significant outcome of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed in March 1931?
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What was the ultimate fate of the Civil Disobedience Movement by 1934?
What was the ultimate fate of the Civil Disobedience Movement by 1934?
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What action did rich peasants take when their revenue demands were not met?
What action did rich peasants take when their revenue demands were not met?
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Why did poor peasants want rentals of lands to be remitted?
Why did poor peasants want rentals of lands to be remitted?
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What organization did business classes form to protect their interests after the war?
What organization did business classes form to protect their interests after the war?
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How did women contribute to the protest movements?
How did women contribute to the protest movements?
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What was a key demand of the Dalits during the civil disobedience movement?
What was a key demand of the Dalits during the civil disobedience movement?
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What was the outcome of the Poona Pact between Gandhiji and B.R. Ambedkar?
What was the outcome of the Poona Pact between Gandhiji and B.R. Ambedkar?
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By 1921, what symbol did Gandhiji design as part of the nationalism movement?
By 1921, what symbol did Gandhiji design as part of the nationalism movement?
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What was a significant barrier to the participation of large sections of Muslims in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
What was a significant barrier to the participation of large sections of Muslims in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
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What was a significant outcome of the First World War in India?
What was a significant outcome of the First World War in India?
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What does the concept of Satyagraha primarily emphasize?
What does the concept of Satyagraha primarily emphasize?
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What did the Rowlatt Act of 1919 allow the government to do?
What did the Rowlatt Act of 1919 allow the government to do?
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What event triggered widespread protests and acts of violence across India in 1919?
What event triggered widespread protests and acts of violence across India in 1919?
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Who were the primary leaders of the Khilafat Movement?
Who were the primary leaders of the Khilafat Movement?
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What was Mahatma Gandhi's approach to activism upon returning to India in 1915?
What was Mahatma Gandhi's approach to activism upon returning to India in 1915?
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What major issue did India face during the First World War?
What major issue did India face during the First World War?
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What was the primary response of the government to the unrest following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre?
What was the primary response of the government to the unrest following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre?
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Study Notes
Introduction
- Modern nationalism in India began with the formation of nation-states connected to anti-colonial movements.
- The struggle against colonialism fostered a sense of unity among diverse Indian communities.
The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
- Post-1919, the national movement expanded into new social groups and methods of struggle.
- Economic issues during the war included increased defense expenditure, income tax, and rising prices, along with forced recruitment and crop failures.
- Satyagraha emerged as a novel, non-violent form of resistance, emphasizing truth and moral force.
- Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 and initiated Satyagraha movements in Champaran, Kheda, and Ahmedabad.
- The Rowlatt Act of 1919 granted the government powers to suppress political activism and detain individuals without trial for two years.
- The Jallianwala Bagh massacre on April 13, 1919, marked a turning point, leading to widespread protests and government repression.
- The Khilafat Movement was spearheaded by Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali to defend the Khalifa's powers. The Congress joined in September 1920, catalyzing the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Differing Strands Within the Movement
- The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921, attracting diverse social groups, each interpreting 'Swaraj' differently.
- Urban participants included students, teachers, and lawyers who boycotted foreign goods and institutions, though the movement faltered due to economic constraints.
- In the countryside, peasants led by leaders like Baba Ramchandra in Awadh and Alluri Sitaram Raju in Andhra Pradesh took a more violent stance.
- Plantation workers protested against restrictive legislation, interpreting Swaraj as the freedom to move.
Towards Civil Disobedience
- The Chauri Chaura incident in February 1922 prompted Gandhi to halt the Non-Cooperation Movement, citing escalating violence.
- Political divides emerged within the Congress, with some advocating for council politics and others pushing for radical change.
- The worldwide economic depression and the Simon Commission, which sparked protests, set the stage for increased political mobilization, culminating in the call for Purna Swaraj in December 1929.
The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement
- Gandhi's Salt March on March 12, 1930, symbolized a unifying struggle against colonial laws.
- The movement called for active resistance, including tax refusal and breaking colonial regulations, leading to mass arrests by British authorities.
- The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on March 5, 1931; however, subsequent Round Table Conferences did not yield significant results, leading to a decline of the movement by 1934.
- Various social classes had different motivations: rich peasants sought tax relief, poor peasants advocated for rent deductions, businesses aimed for protection from imports, while women's participation varied.
Limits of Civil Disobedience
- Dalits were largely excluded from active participation, advocating instead for representation and separate electorates.
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar aimed for social reforms through the Depressed Classes Association, leading to reservations in 1932 under the Poona Pact, voted by the general electorate.
- The Muslim League, under M.A. Jinnah, sought reserved seats for Muslims, yet many Muslims did not join the movement.
The Sense of Collective Belonging
- Nationalism was fostered through shared experiences, folklore, songs, and symbols, enhancing collective identity.
- By 1921, Gandhi introduced a tricolor Swaraj flag featuring a spinning wheel, symbolizing unity and the nationalist cause.
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Description
Explore the theme of nationalism in India as part of your Grade 10 curriculum. This quiz covers the connection between modern nationalism and the anti-colonial struggle in Indian history. Test your understanding and insights on this important subject.
