Nationalism in Europe

• Topic: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Frederic Sorrieu

• Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist.
• Prepared a series of four prints.
• Prints visualized a dream of a world made up of democratic and social republics.

Absolutist

• Refers to a government or system of rule with no restraints on its power.
• Historically refers to a centralized, militarized, and repressive form of monarchical government.

Nation-State

• A state where the majority of citizens, not just rulers, develop a sense of common identity, shared history, or descent

New Social Groups after the Industrial Revolution

• A working-class population
• Middle classes comprised of industrialists, businessmen, and professionals

Origin and Meaning of "Liberalism"

• Derived from the Latin root 'liber,' meaning free

Meaning of "Liberalism" for the New Middle Classes

• Stood for individual freedom and equality before the law.
• Emphasized government by consent politically.

Liberalism in the Economic Sphere

• Favored freedom of markets.
• Advocated for the removal of state restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

Host of the Treaty of Vienna

• Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich hosted the congress in Vienna in 1815

Metternich's Description of Mazzini

• Described Mazzini as the most dangerous enemy of our social order.

Influence of the French Revolution in Europe

• Students and educated middle-class members began setting up Jacobin clubs
• Activities and campaigns set the stage for French armies.
• French armies then spread the idea of nationalism abroad.

Changes After the French Revolution in France

• Ideas of la patrie and le citoyen emphasized a united community with equal rights.
• The tricolor flag replaced the royal standard.
• The Estates General became the National Assembly elected by active citizens
• New hymns were composed, oaths were taken, and martyrs were commemorated in the name of the nation
• A centralized administrative system created uniform laws for all citizens.
• Internal customs duties were abolished, and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted
• Regional dialects were discouraged; French became the common language.

Features of the Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code)

• Abolished privileges based on birth
• Established equality before law and secured property rights
• Simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system, and freed peasants

Role of Culture in Creating the Idea of the Nation in Europe

• Culture played a significant role in developing nationalism alongside wars and territorial expansion
• Romanticism was a cultural movement fostering nationalist sentiment
• Romantic artists and poets aimed to create a shared cultural heritage as the basis of a nation
• Folk songs, poetry, and dances popularized the spirit of the nation

Reactions to French Rule in Conquered Areas

• Initially, French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty in places like Holland, Switzerland, and certain cities.
• Initial enthusiasm faded as new administrative arrangements lacked political freedom.
• Increased taxes, censorship, and forced conscription outweighed the advantages of Napoleon's changes.

Concept of Liberalism in Early 18th Century Europe

• 'Liberalism' derives from the Latin 'liber', meaning free.
• Advocated for individual freedom and equality before the law for the middle class.
• Emphasized government by consent politically.
• Supported the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
• Advocated for a constitution and representative government through parliament.
• Promoted freedom of markets and the abolition of state restrictions economically.

Economic Hardship in Europe in the 1830s

• The first half of the 19th century had an enormous increase in population all over Europe
• Most countries had a surplus in job seekers
• Rural populations migrated to cities and overcrowded the slums there
• Food price spikes and bad harvests led to pauperism

Liberalism Allied with National Unity in Early 19th Century Europe

• Liberalism championed individual freedom and equality
• It stressed the idea of government by consent
• Called for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
• Believed in constitution, representative government, and private property rights

Events Leading to the Unification of Germany

• Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans
• Nationalist feelings were repressed by the monarchy, military, and large landowners.
• Prussia took leadership of nationalism
• Otto von Bismarck used the Prussian army and bureaucracy to push for unification
• Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark, and France led to Prussian victory
• In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor at Versailles

Causes of Conflict in the Balkan Area After 1871

• Nationalist tensions arose due to the region's geographical and ethnic diversity.
• The decline of the Ottoman Empire alongside the growth of romantic nationalism made the region explosive
• European subject nationalities broke away and declared independence.
• Conflicts arose from Balkan states competing to define identities and gain territory.
• Big powers, including Russia, Germany, England, Austria, and Hungary rivaled for influence.

How Nationalism Developed Through Culture in Europe

• Culture, music, dance, and religion all played important roles in the growth of nationalism.
• Culture created the idea of the nation.
• Art, poetry, and music helped to promote nationalist sentiment.
• Romantic artists and poets put emphasis on emotions and intuition instead of reason and science
• Language became important in developing nationalist sentiments as well
• When Russian took over, the Polish language was forced out of schools, and that caused nationalist resistance.
• True German can be discovered among the common folk
• The ideas of the nation grew from folk songs, poetry, and dances

Female Figures as Allegories of the Nation in 19th Century Europe

• Artists portrayed nations as female figures who didn't represent real women
• Instead they gave abstract ideas of the nation and put it into concrete form
• France used the name Marianne
• Germany used the name Germania
• Germania wears oak leaves to show heroism

Economic Hardships in Europe During the 1830s

• Europe had large scale unemployment
• Cities overcrowded, while slums emerged from rural migration
• Small producers had difficulty competing with cheap, machine made goods from England
• Aristocracy continued to enjoy power, but peasants struggled
• Food prices went up and harvests were bad

Process of Unification of Italy

• Italy had been divided into many parts
• Italians scattered over dynastic states and the Hansburg Empire
• Italian language wasn't one common form
• Guiseppe Mazzini formed 'Young Italy' to spread the idea of unification
• He wanted Italy to be a unified republic
• Sardinia-Piedmont, under Emmanuel II, took over the cause to unify Italy
• Under Cavour Sardinia-Piedmont beat Austrian forces
• Garibaldi marched towards South Italy and the Kingdom of the two Sicilies
• In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of United Italy

Fate of Ireland

• Ireland had division between Catholics and Protestants
• England helped Irish Protestants establish dominance over Catholics
• Catholic revolts were suppressed and and Ireland would be forcibly incorporated in to United Kingdom in 1801

Wilhelm Wolff's Description of the Silesia Weavers' Revolt (1845)

• Weavers revolted against contractors who reduced payments for finished textiles drastically
• Workers lived in extreme poverty, and contractors exploited their desperation.
• A crowd of weavers marched to the contractor's mansion demanding higher wages
• They were met with scorn and threats.
• The weavers then destroyed the supplies of cloth
• The contractor returned with the army

Polish Language as a Symbol of Resistance Against Russian Dominance:

• Language had an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.
• The Polish language was forced out of schools
• clergy began to use language as a weapon of national resistance
• Polish was used for church gatherings, which led to priests and bishops being punished
• Due to it all, Polish would become a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

Treaty of Vienna of 1815

• Formal agreement between Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia
• Drew up a settlement for Europe, to undo the changes brought about by Napoleon
• The Bourbon dynasty, was restored to power, and France lost its annexed territories
• States were set up on France's borders to prevent future expansion
• The kingdom of the Netherlands was set up in the north plus Belgium, and Genoa was added to Piedmont.
• Prussia gained territories on its western frontiers, and Austria got control of northern Italy.
• The German confederation of 39 states was left untouched.
• Russia got part of Poland, and Prussia was given some of Saxony.
• The goal was to restore monarchies and create a new conservative order in Europe.

Reasons for the Rise of Nationalism in Europe

• Centralized power in a defined territory was the main idea behind the nation-state.
• Nationalism rose as citizens developed a sense of common identity and shared descent
• During the 19th century, nationalism changed the political and mental world of Europe.
• These changes led to the emergence of the nation-state
• The French artist Frédéric Sorrieu showed that people are grouped as distinct nations

History of Nationalism in Britain

• Nationalism wasn't from upheaval or revolution
• Primary identities were ethnic ones
• The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland allowed England to impose its influence
• Scotland's culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed
• Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language
• England helped Protestants dominate over Catholic Ireland
• Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801
• The symbols of the new Britain actively promoted

Zollverein

• Customs union started by Prussia in 1834
• Most of the German States joined
• Aimed to bind the Germans economically into a nation
• Abolished tariff barriers and reduced currencies

Giuseppe Mazzini

• Italian revolutionary born in Genoa in 1807
• Member of the secret society of the Carbonari
• Sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria
• Founded ‘Young Italy' and ‘Young Europe
• believed that God had intended nations to people based on heritage

Count Camilo de Cavour

• Cavour was chief minister of Sardinia-Piedmont
• engineered a careful diplomatic alliance with France

The Greek War of Independence:

• Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century
• Nationalists in Greece were supported by other Greeks and many Western Europeans
• Poets and artists praised Greece as the place of European civilisation
• The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation

The Frankfurt Parliament:

• the group was middle-class
• they drafted a constitution for the German nation to be headed by a monarchy
• The king of Prussia rejected the crown and joined other monarchs
• They resisted the demands of those who weren't wealthy
• troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband

The Role of Women in Nationalist Struggles:

• Extending political rights to women was controversial
• Women had formed their own political associations to try to gain votes
• they were denied suffrage during the election of the Assembly

Questions about 19th-century European nationalism, liberalism, economic factors, and unification processes. Includes the roles of key figures like Otto von Bismarck and the impact of events such as the Act of Union and the 1848 German revolution.