Nationalism in 19th Century Europe

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

• Nationalism emerged as a powerful force in the 19th century, transforming European politics and society.
• Frédéric Sorrieu's 1848 print, "The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics," visualises a world of democratic republics.
• The print portrays diverse peoples uniting around a statue of Liberty, signifying the end of absolutist institutions and the rise of nations.
• Absolutist rule, characterised by unrestrained power, dominated Europe prior to the rise of nationalism.
• The concept of a nation-state emerged, a political entity where the majority of citizens share a common identity based on language, culture, history, etc.
• The French Revolution significantly impacted the idea of nationalism, shifting sovereignty from the monarchy to the people.
• French revolutionaries introduced measures (national anthems, flags, etc.) to promote a shared national identity.
• Nationalism was also influential in bringing other parts of Europe under French control alongside the ideals of liberty and equality.
• Napoleon's reforms (e.g. Civil Code of 1804) spread revolutionary ideas across Europe, but also led to resistance due to increased taxation, censorship, and conscription.

What is a Nation? (Based on Ernst Renan)

• Renan's lecture, "What is a Nation?", critiques the idea of a nation based solely on language, race, religion, or territory.
• Renan views a nation as a historical entity, built through shared sacrifices, glories, and desires for future achievements.
• He defines a nation as a large-scale solidarity, requiring a "daily plebiscite" of the people's consent.
• Renan stresses the importance of common glories, aspirations, and collaborative efforts in shaping a nation's identity.
• Renan argues that a nation's existence benefits society, guaranteeing liberty.
• A nation should not forcibly annex territories against the will of its people.

The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation

• The French Revolution of 1789 marked the first significant expression of nationalism.
• It transformed French society, shifting sovereignty from the monarchy to the people.
• French revolutionaries adopted national symbols and practices (flag, anthem, festivals) to foster a sense of collective identity amongst the populace.
• Revolutionaries actively sought to spread their ideals (liberty, equality) across Europe through military campaigns.
• The French Revolution inspired similar movements and aspirations for national unity in other parts of Europe.
• Napoleon's reforms impacted different parts of Europe with varying reactions – a mixed response to initial enthusiasm and later resistance.