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Which of the following siblings of Jose Rizal was the youngest?
What was the title of Jose Rizal's first poem written at the age of eight?
Which sibling of Jose Rizal became a general in the Philippine Revolution?
At what age did Jose Rizal learn to recite the alphabet and prayers?
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Which of the following was NOT a subject taught to Jose Rizal by his private tutors?
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Which award did Jose Rizal win in his first literary contest?
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What is required to be maintained in schools, colleges, and universities according to the legislation?
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Which languages are mentioned for the translation of Rizal's works?
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Which of the following siblings was a teacher and musician?
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What was the name of the private school in Biñan where Jose Rizal studied?
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What was the purpose of the authorized budget of three hundred thousand pesos?
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What does Benedict Anderson describe a nation as?
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What was Jose Rizal's father's name?
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In what year was Jose Rizal born?
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Which term describes the implication of prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines in public schools?
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What does the surname 'Rizal' signify in the context of his family's background?
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What was the primary reason Rizal went to France and Germany between 1885 and 1887?
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What significant event took place in 1884 during the Exposicion de Bellas Artes in Madrid?
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Who financed the publication of Rizal's first novel, Noli Me Tangere?
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How many chapters does Noli Me Tangere contain?
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What is the main goal of the organization La Solidaridad?
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What was Rizal's reaction to the publication of his poem, 'El Consejo delos Dioses'?
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Which of the following novels did Rizal finish in March 1891?
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What was a significant critique associated with the term 'propaganda' as used in the context of Rizal's advocacy?
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What is the main argument presented in Rizal's study On the Indolence of the Filipinos?
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Which of the following factors did Rizal NOT link to the indolence of Filipinos?
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In what year was the Letter to the Young Women of Malolos published?
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What was one of the key issues Rizal addressed regarding Spanish rule over Filipinos?
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Which novel was completed by Rizal in Berlin in 1887?
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What led to the deterioration of Filipino values according to Rizal?
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What form of labor was imposed on Filipinos that impacted their work ethic?
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How did Rizal perceive the education system during the Spanish regime?
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What was one of the main objectives of the La Liga Filipina?
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Who were the key figures involved with La Solidaridad?
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What does the title 'Noli Me Tangere' mean?
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Why did Rizal withdraw from writing for La Solidaridad?
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Which character in 'Noli Me Tangere' is revealed to be María Clara's biological father?
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What societal issue does Rizal aim to address in 'Noli Me Tangere'?
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What is the significance of Crisóstomo Ibarra’s character in 'Noli Me Tangere'?
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What was Rizal's primary concern regarding the unity of efforts in La Solidaridad?
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Study Notes
Nationalism
- It is a set of systems characterized by promoting one nation's interests with the goal of achieving and maintaining self-governance or total sovereignty.
- According to Benedict Anderson, a nation is an imagined community – and recognition.
Jose Rizal
- Born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Philippines.
- Died on December 30, 1896, in Bagumbayan.
- A patriot, physician, and man of letters who was an inspiration to the Philippines nationalist movement.
- His name, "Rizal," was adopted in 1850 by authority of the Royal Decree of 1849, upon the order of Governor Narciso Claveria.
- "Rizal" was a shortened form of the Spanish word for "second crop," seemingly suitable for a family of farmers making a second start in a new home.
- "Alonzo" was his mother's old surname
- "Y-and-Realonda" was used by Doña Teodora from the surname of her godmother based on the culture by that time.
- "Mercado" was adopted in 1731 by Domigo Lamco (the paternal great-great grandfather of Jose Rizal). The Spanish term "Mercado" means "market" in English.
Family
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Francisco Mercado (1818-1898) was Jose Rizal's father and the youngest of 13 children of Juan and Cirila Mercado.
- Born in Biñan, Laguna on April 18, 1818.
- Studied in the San Jose College, Manila.
- Died in Manila.
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Teodora Alonso (1827-1913) was Jose Rizal's mother and the second child of Lorenzo Alonso and Brijida de Quintos.
- Studied at the Colegio de Santa Rosa.
- A business-minded woman, courteous, religious, hard-working, and well-read.
- Born in Santa Cruz, Manila on November 14, 1827.
- Died in Manila in 1913.
Siblings
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Saturnina Rizal (1850-1913) was Jose Rizal’s eldest child.
- Married Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas.
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Paciano Rizal (1851-1930) was Jose Rizal's only brother and the second child.
- Studied at the San Jose College in Manila.
- Became a farmer and later a general of the Philippine Revolution.
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Narcisa Rizal (1852-1939) was Jose Rizal's third child.
- Married Antonio Lopez at Morong, Rizal.
- Was a teacher and musician.
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Olympia Rizal (1855-1887) was Jose Rizal's fourth child.
- Married Silvestre Ubaldo.
- Died in 1887 from childbirth.
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Lucia Rizal (1857-1919) was Jose Rizal's fifth child.
- Married Matriano Herbosa.
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Maria Rizal (1859-1945) was Jose Rizal's sixth child.
- Married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.
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Jose Rizal (1861-1896) was Jose Rizal's second son and seventh child.
- Executed by the Spaniards on December 30, 1896.
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Concepcion Rizal (1862-1865) was Jose Rizal's eighth child.
- Died at the age of three.
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Josefa Rizal (1865-1945) was Jose Rizal's ninth child.
- Was an epileptic and died a spinster.
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Trinidad Rizal (1868-1951) was Jose Rizal's tenth child.
- Died a spinster and was the last of the family to die.
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Soledad Rizal (1870-1929) was Jose Rizal's youngest child.
- Married Pantaleon Quintero.
- Jose Rizal's first poem, "Sa Aking Mga Kabata," ("To My Fellow Children") was also known by the title "It is also written at the age of eight."
Jose Rizal's Education
- Learned to recite the Alphabet and prayers at the age of three.
- Private tutors taught him lessons at home: Maestro Celestino And Maestro Lucas Padua.
- Leon Monroy taught him Spanish and Latin.
- Sent to a private school in Biñan to study under Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz.
- Took painting lessons taught by Juancho, his school teacher's father-in-law.
- Was the best student in school, beating all the Biñan boys.
- Studied in the Ateneo Municipal, which was under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuit priests.
- Won 1st prize for his poem “A La Juventud Filipina” in the 1st literary contest he joined.
- Wrote another poem, '"El Consejo delos Dioses"', which won 1st prize but was met with disapproval from the Spanish community in Manila.
- In 1882, after finishing his four years at the UST, Rizal left for Spain to continue his studies.
- Dr. Maximo Viola financed the publication of Rizal's first book, Noli Me Tangere, in 1887 with 2,000 initial copies. Some of which were given to Rizal's friends in Spain, and others were shipped to the Philippines, reaching the hands of the Governor-General and the Archbishop of Manila.
- Went to Berlin, Germany in 1887.
- Wrote Noli Me Tangere in 63 chapters. It had about 480 pages.
Travels
- Traveled to France and Germany from 1885 to 1887.
- Wanted to observe how medicine was practiced there to specialize in ophthalmology.
- From 1885 to 1887, spent time in Paris to take up advanced studies in ophthalmology.
- Published Noli Me Tangere in March 1887.
- Returned to Manila in August 1887.
- Traveled to Hong Kong on February 1888, Japan in February and March 1888, and Macau and Japan later that year.
- Went to San Francisco, California, in April 1888.
- Arrived in England in May 1888.
- From 1888 to 1890, traveled between London and Paris.
- Wrote ethnographic, history-related studies, and political articles during this time.
- Finished his second novel, El Filibusterismo, in March 1891.
- El Filibusterismo was published in Ghent on September 1890 using donations from Rizal’s supporters.
Propaganda
- The spreading of information in support of a cause.
- The word "Propaganda" is often used in a negative sense, especially for politicians who make false claims to get elected, or spread rumors to get their way.
- Graciano Lopez Jaena was the first to lead a series of protests in writing against the injustices of the Spaniards in the Philippines in the newspaper Los Dos Mundos.
- In 1884, Jaena and Rizal delivered speeches at the Exposicion de Bellas Artes in Madrid, where two Filipino painters were given recognition:
- Juan Luna received recognition in 1884 for his painting Spoliarium.
- Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo received recognition for Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas at Populacho.
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La Solidaridad was an organization composed of Filipino liberals exiled in Spain.
- It was aimed to raise awareness of Spain on the needs of its colony.
- Rizal was one of the active and significant contributors.
- One of Rizal's most important contributions was the Letter to the Young Women of Malolos, published on February 22, 1889.
- He wrote the first half of Noli me tangere in Madrid, Spain, from 1884-1885.
- The second part was completed and published in Berlin, Germany, in 1887.
Indolence
- The study Sobre La Indolencia de los Filipinos or, On the Indolence of the Filipinos, was a study of the causes behind the alleged lack of hard work by Filipinos during the Spanish regime.
- The Spanish reign brought about a decline in economic activities due to various causes.
- Rizal believed this indolence was not inherent but was caused by the climate of the Philippines, both physically (being a tropical country) and socio-politically (attributable to the social disorders rooted in Spanish rule).
- He linked two factors to the indolence of the Filipinos:
- Limited training and education provided to the Filipinos.
- The lack of a national sentiment of unity among Filipinos.
- Indolence can be traced back to the abuse and discrimination experienced by Filipinos under the Spanish Rule that led to the deterioration of Filipino values.
- Several factors contributed to the “indolence”:
- The establishment of the Galleon Trade cut off all previous associations of the Philippines with other countries in Asia and the Middle East.
- Spain extinguished the natives’ love of work with the implementation of forced labor.
- The crooked system of education (if it could be considered education) gave the Spanish rulers a bad example to despise manual labor.
- The Spaniards had a crooked system of religion.
- Taxes were extremely high, leading to a large portion of what they earned going to the government or friars.
Rizal’s Abandonment of Assimilation
- One of the predominant reforms lobbied by Filipinos was representation in the Spanish Cortes.
- This move aimed at giving Filipinos a voice in the Spanish government, although in a limited capacity.
- Such representation was previously granted to the Filipinos but was taken back.
- The lack of concrete commitment from the Spanish government made the representation of Filipinos barely enough to materialize.
- Rizal set the course for his return to Manila after the publication of his second novel, El Filibusterismo.
- All copies of the novel were shipped to the Philippines.
- Upon his arrival, he established a new organization – the La Liga Filipina.
- This was a secret society that embodied the ideas Rizal presented in El Filibusterismo.
- The La Liga Filipina called for:
- The provision of mutual protection.
- Defense against all injustices.
- The promotion of instruction.
La Solidaridad
- Rizal wrote for La Solidaridad under the name "LaongLaan".
- Marcelo H. Del Pilar was the editor and co-publisher of La Solidaridad and wrote under the name "Plaridel".
- Graciano Lopez Jaena was the publisher of La Solidaridad.
- Jose Rizal withdrew from writing for La Solidaridad for the following reasons:
- He needed time to work on his book.
- He wanted other Filipinos to work as well.
- He considered it very important to the party that there be unity in the work.
- He considered Del Pilar to already be at the top and that Rizal also had his own ideas. As such, he felt that it was better to leave del Pilar alone to direct the policy as he understood it, and Rizal did not meddle in it.
Noli Me Tangere
- Noli Me Tangere is Latin for "touch me not," an allusion to the Gospel of St. John where Jesus says to Mary Magdalene: “Touch me not, for I am not yet ascended to my Father.”
- Rizal entitled the novel Noli Me Tangere drawing inspiration from John 20:13–17 of the Bible.
- He proposed to probe all the cancers of Filipino society that everyone else felt too painful to touch.
- It is an 1887 novel by José Rizal, written during the colonization of the Philippines by Spain.
- The novel describes perceived inequities of the Spanish Catholic friars and the ruling government.
- Originally written in Spanish, the book is more commonly published and read in the Philippines in either Tagalog or English.
Major Characters In Noli Me Tangere
- Crisóstomo Ibarra: a mestizo who studied in Europe for seven years. Ibarra is also María Clara's fiancé.
- María Clara: the most beautiful and widely celebrated girl in San Diego.
- Kapitán Tiago: Don Santiago de los Santos, known by his nickname Tiago. He is the richest man in the region of Binondo.
- Padre Dámaso: An enemy of Crisóstomo's father, Don Rafael Ibarra. Dámaso is revealed to be María Clara's biological father.
- Elías: Ibarra's mysterious friend and ally. Elías makes his first appearance as a pilot during a picnic of Ibarra and María Clara and her friends.
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Description
Explore the concepts of nationalism and the life of Jose Rizal, a key figure in the Philippine nationalist movement. This quiz delves into Rizal's background, beliefs, and contributions to self-governance in the Philippines. Test your knowledge on how nationalism shaped the identity of a nation.
