Nationalism and Empires

Nationalism and Empires

• Nationalism threatened the old empires of Eastern Europe and Russia
• The Hapsburg Empire's lands included Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Northern Italy, and Ukraine
• Nationalist demands challenged the Hapsburg monarchs and the existing order.
• Austria experienced defeat in 1866 against Prussia, increasing pressure from Hungarians for change
• Ferenc Deak, a moderate Hungarian leader, created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary
• Nationalist unrest increased, with leaders calling on Slavs to unite for liberty, equality, and fraternal solidarity
• The Ottoman Empire, like the Hapsburgs, ruled a multinational empire
• Nationalist demands weakened the Ottoman Empire

Balkan Independence and Russian Expansion

• Serbia and Greece gained independence in 1830
• Subject peoples revolted against the Ottomans, desiring independent states
• Russia expanded south towards the Black Sea and Istanbul, known as Constantinople
• Austria-Hungary took Bosnia and Herzegovina, angering Serbs
• Britain and France sought Ottoman lands in the Middle East and North Africa
• Russia and the Ottomans engaged in several Balkan Wars
• The Balkans were called the "Balkan powder keg" in 1914

Russian Reforms and Repression

• Demands arose for constitutional government and social justice in Russia
• The Tsars introduced reforms under pressure but reverted to repression
• Russia expanded eastward across Siberia to the Pacific, driven by traders seeking furs
• Peter the Great and Catherine II gained land on the Baltic and Black Seas
• Britain and France viewed Russia's expansion with concern
• Russia remained economically undeveloped despite its expansion
• Landowning nobles lacked motivation to improve agriculture or invest in industry
• Serfs worked in factories for low pay as industry grew
• The Tsars held absolute power and made limited attempts at liberal reform, fearing loss of noble support
• Enlightenment-inspired changes had little effect on Russian autocracy
• The Tsars' motto was "Orthodoxy, the absolute government, and Russian nationalism"
• Russian nationalism entailed respect for Russian traditions and suppression of non-Russian groups

Revolution and Industrialization in Russia

• Tsar Alexander II, who came to the throne during the Crimean War, was assasinated after implementing reforms
• Russia was defeated in the Crimean War when it tried to take land near the Danube River
• Britain, France, and Sardinia helped defeat Russia in the Crimean War
• The Crimean war defeat exposed Russia's military and overall backwardness
• Alexander II established elected local government assembles called zemstovs
• Zemstvos were responsible for road repair, schools, and agriculture
• Legal reforms such as trial by jury, eased censorship, and military reform were introduced
• Industrial growth increased during Alexander II's reign
• Alexander's reforms failed to satisfy liberals wanting a constitution and elected legislature
• Radicals pushed for greater change, but the Tsar returned to repression
• Socialists attempted to connect with peasants but were largely unsuccessful
• Radicals resorted to violence, leading to Alexander II's assassination in 1881
• Alexander III increased secret police activity and censorship, exiling critics to Siberia
• A policy of Russification was implemented, which meant only Orthodox Russians lived in peace
• Other groups were persecuted including Poles, Finns, Armenians, Jews and Muslims
• Jewish persecution increased, forcing Jews into restricted areas with limited access to universities
• Pogroms, programs to attack Jews, caused many to flee to other countries

Russian Industrialization and Revolution

• Russia entered the industrial age under Alexander III and Nicholas II
• Russia possessed natural resources, a large population, and vast land
• The government focused on economic development
• They obtained loans from France to construct the Trans-Siberian Railway
• Raw materials were connected to factories
• A new industrial class emerged with capital
• Social and political issues grew, with nobles fearing change, and poverty rising
• Radicals and socialists appealed to unhappy industrial workers
• Russia's defeat against Japan led to growing unrest
• Workers demanding reform were led by an Orthodox priest to the Tsar's winter palace on Bloody Sunday
• Troops opened fire on peaceful protestors
• Bloody Sunday destroyed people's faith and thrust in the Tsar
• The manifesto post revolution won over moderates isolating Socialists

Post-Revolution Reforms

• The Tsar dissolved the first Duma after criticism
• Nicholas appointed Peter Stolypin as prime minister
• Stolypin believed Russia needed reform, not repression
• He introduced moderate land reforms and strengthened zemstvos
• Stolypin improved education but was assassinated in 1911
• Russia remained autocratic by 1914

Motivations and Types of Imperialism

• Western nations aimed to expand their overseas empires
• European nations dominated much of the world
• Imperialism is one country's political, economic, and cultural domination over other territories
• European nations competed for trading rights in India
• Europeans established trading posts in Africa and limited trade with China and Japan
• Europeans controlled few large territories outside of the Americas before the new age of imperialism
• Industrial nations scrambled for territories to obtain raw materials and markets for manufactured goods
• Political, military, humanitarian, and religious factors drove imperialism
• Natural resources such as rubber, petroleum, and palm oil were needed
• Imperialism provided new markets, investments, and a place for growing populations

Humanitarianism, Social Darwinism and Imperial Rule

• Western nations expressed concern for people overseas, sharing medicine, law, and Christianity
• The West viewed themselves as racially superior, embracing Darwinism and the "survival of the fittest"
• Imperial conquest of weaker races was seen as a way of improving the human species
• Western imperialism spread rapidly across the globe, it was led by explorers, missionaries, merchants, soldiers and settlers.
• The Mughal Empire and Ottoman Empire faced challenges, so they were vulnerable
• Small African communities lacked protection, and new African city-states were weak
• Qing rulers in China resisted modernization
• Imperial rule included direct rule, imposing culture and Western systems, and indirect rule, using local rulers as agents
• Protectorates involved leaving local rulers in place but under European advisors
• Protectorates were cheaper than colonies and required less military commitment
• Spheres of influence were areas where outside powers claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges to prevent conflict among imperialist nations

Effects of Imperalism

• New imperialism impacted the political, economic, and social life of societies worldwide
• European powers imposed foreign cultures and values
• It brought economic expansion, improved transportation, and public health
• Political changes involved European governments and legal systems replacing traditional ones
• Drawn borders divided ethnic groups or combined groups lacking common heritage
• Colonial powers exploited local resources and promoted cash crops
• The export of cash crops and natural resources led to manufactured goods being imported
• Imports of machine-made goods destroyed indigenous industries
• Local governments required taxes in cash to cover expenses, creating a money economy
• People earned cash in plantations or factories
• The money economy broke down traditional cultures and communities
• People migrated to find jobs
• Christian missionaries sought converts
• Missionaries established schools, which emphasized Western civilization
• Colonial rule brought benefits such as roads, telegraphs, improved transportation, and better medical care

Questions

• The dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary was unsatisfactory due to separate states with their own constitutions
• Austria and Hungary shared ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs but were otherwise independent
• Nationalist leaders called on Slavs for unity, emphasizing liberty, equality, and fraternity
• Obstacles to Russia's progress included resistance to reforms that would undermine the Tsar and a rigid social structure
• Landowning nobles resisted change to protect their privileges, and the large serf population contrasted with the rest of Europe
• Alexander II's emancipation of serfs in 1861 did not yield expected results
• Freed serfs could not afford land and remained poor, moving to cities for factory jobs
• Social Darwinism served as a backdrop to imperialism, justifying conquest as a natural way of improving the human species
• Protectorates were favored by imperialist nations as they were cost effective, and had low military commitment
• Running the Hapsburg empire was difficult because of the many nationalities with conflicting demands
• Hungarians were dissatisfied with the dual monarchy, wanting self-government
• Tsars feared industrialization would cause similar problems in Britain
• Serfdom expanded in Russia due to the Tsars wanting to maintain the status quo
• The Boyars would had been upset therefore there was no reform to the serfs position
• Britain and France watched Russia with anxiety due to expansion and its large population

Critics of Imperialism

• Colonialism was an instrument for the economic benefit of colonizers
• Imperialists needed to improve its own people before interfering with other cultures
• Colonizers from the West were undemocratic to their colonies, but pushed a democratic government at home
• Resistance to imperialism stemmed from enlightenment ideas, Nationalism and Western education
• Disunity, lack of resources, and modern Western weaponry enabled imperialist nations to colonize.
• Some desire to abandon their own culture, and embrace the new one
• Colonizers view African people as inferior and incapable of managing their own survival
• Groups credited for achieving colonialism include explorers, settlers, missionaries, soldiers, and merchants
• The Balkans obtained the nickname "Powder Keg" due to nationalism, revolution, and demand for self-governance.
• Some social benefits of imperialism for colonized countries were that people found factory jobs, better education, sanitation, health care, fragmenting families
• Political benefits included redrawn borders, new government, style, and bureaucracy even though it brought a legal system that the colonized countries didn't understand
• Economic benefits introduced a new money system, taxes, tariffs, and rail system, and cash crops and planting them led to adverse effects
• Socialists in Russia had no success because the people didn't understand or trust their goals and pamphlets

Russia puts Russification into Action and Important Terms

• Impletemented pogroms to attack those of Jewish and Muslim faith
• Limit the regions that they could reside in
• Limit their access to higher education
• Pogroms refers to the violent mobs that attacked Jews
• Zemstovs refers to the local elected officials
• Duma refers to the legislative body that could approve laws

Important Definitions

• October Manifesto: Nicholas II promised freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly, and union.
• New Imperialism: The period in which industrial nations scrambled for territories that would provide them with raw materials and serve as markets for their manufactured goods.
• Cash crops: Crops that were being planted to generate cash and important in feeding certain industries.
• The three pillars of absolutism: Orthodoxy, Russian nationalism, and absolutism.

Matching Questions

• Francis Joseph : Ran a huge Empire
• Ferenc Deak : Formed dual monarchy
• Alexander II : entered Russia into the industrial age
• Nicholas II : Issued October manifesto
• Peter the great : Expanded Russia’s borders
• Protectorate : cost less to run
• Direct rule : began as peaceful march
• Indirect rule : British favorite
• Peter Stolypin : was a conservative
• Bloody Sunday : Preferred by the French

True or False Questions

• Alexander I issued the emancipation of Serfs. (False)
• Serfdom was abolished in Europe and Russia at the same time. (False)
• Industrialization increased social and political problems. (True)
• Political and economic power spurred Imperialism. (True)
• Sphere of influence negates exclusive rights for investment. (False)
• Colonial powers developed Cash crops when natural resources were abundant. (False)
• The Hapsburgs were the oldest ruling house in Europe. (True)
• Missionaries took paternalistic view of Africans. (True)
• The French preferred indirect ruling of colonies. (False)
• Indentured servant was a form of slave laborer. (False)
• The Russification program had failed to achieve its goal. (False)

Multiple Choice Questions

• New laws in Russia were approved by the Duma
• The October Manifesto promised freedom
• Bloody Sunday resulted in a peaceful march
• Pogrom targeted the Jews
• "Russification" was the term for making everyone in Russia, Russian.
• Loans were given by France
• Peter Slyopin lead an Autocratic government
• monarchial governments named groups ''Subjects''
• Oversees colonies allowed the colonies to have it all
• running a government was the prestige
• Cash crops include all of the above.