National Core Maternity Indicators

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What are the three models of population pyramids?

Expansive, Constrictive, Stationary

What is the epidemiological transition theory?

The shift in disease pattern where degenerative and man-made diseases replace pandemics of infection as the primary causes of morbidity and mortality

What are the four stages of the demographic transition model?

Pre-Industrial Stage, Urbanizing Stage, Mature Industrial Stage, Post-Industrial Stage

What is the dependency ratio?

A measure of the potential socioeconomic burden on the working age population by the young and elderly Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 main factors that have shaped Australia’s population structure?

Fertility, Mortality and Migration (in and out) Signup and view all the answers

Why is crude birth rate a limited measurement?

It includes people not capable of childbearing and cannot be compared with other countries and regions Signup and view all the answers

What is total fertility rate and why is it more effective?

It is the average number of children a hypothetical woman could expect to bear in her lifetime if she experienced current age-specific fertility rates at each age of her reproductive life. It is more effective because it is an age-adjusted measure and can be compared with other populations Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between Infant Mortality Rate and Child Mortality Rate.

Infant mortality rate refers to the number of infants dying before 1 year of age, while child mortality rate refers to the number of child deaths between ages 1-4 Signup and view all the answers

What are the five principles that allow health care systems to contribute the most to improving health?

<ol> <li>Universal Coverage, 2. Access to primary health care, 3. Workforce innovation, 4. Financial Subsidies, 5. Better integration between health systems for the continuity of care.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How is culture formed through socialization?

Culture and personality development begins at birth and is influenced by experiences with family, friends, and wider community groups. It is learned through 'socialization' on a primary and secondary level. Signup and view all the answers

Why is cultural competence important?

Cultural competence is important because doctors engage with people of many different backgrounds. They need to work and care for individuals from diverse cultures. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four outcomes of acculturation?

<ol> <li>Integration, 2. Assimilation, 3. Isolation, 4. Marginalisation.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the top 3 causes of morbidity in youth?

<ol> <li>Mental health issues 2. Accidents and injuries 3. Asthma, migraine, substance use</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are causal factors for youth suicide?

Factors viewed as correlations and NOT causal: - Mental illness - Unemployment - Substance abuse - Social isolation - Sexuality/Gender Dysphoria - Environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What factors affect sexual health and wellbeing of youth?

Answer not provided in the given text Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between chronological and functional age.

Chronological Age: number of years lived. Functional age: ability to function physically and socially + quality of life Signup and view all the answers

Explain biological, psychological, and social ageing.

Biological Ageing: physical changes that reduce organ system efficiency. Psychological Ageing: increase in negative emotions, no decline in preexisting knowledge, poor performance in solving new problems (fluid intelligence). Social Ageing: increased loneliness, boredom, and loss of independence Signup and view all the answers

What are the two broad ageing theories?

Programmed Ageing Theories and Non-Programmed (Error or Damage) Ageing Theories Signup and view all the answers

Explain the three aspects of programmed ageing.

Programmed Longevity (switching on/off certain genes, Hayflick Phenomenon), Endocrine Theory, and Immunological Theory Signup and view all the answers

What are the '10 Solid Facts' from WHO related to health inequality?

Social gradient, Stress, Early life, Social exclusion, Work, Unemployment, Social support, Addiction, Food, Transport Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between health inequality and health inequity.

Health inequality refers to the differences in health status among the population, while health inequity refers to differences in health status or outcomes that are due to factors that are unjust, unfair or preventable. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Social Gradient?

The Social Gradient describes the relationship between socioeconomic status and health, where the poorest have the worst health status. Signup and view all the answers

Define institutionalized racism.

Institutionalized racism is racism that is structured into political, social, or health institutions, where discrimination deliberately or unwittingly limits the rights of certain groups of people. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main indicators included in the National Core Maternity Indicators (NCMI)?

<ul> <li>Smoking in pregnancy</li> <li>Antenatal care in the first trimester</li> <li>Episiotomy</li> <li>Apgar score of less than 7 at 5 minutes</li> <li>Induction of labor</li> <li>Caesarian section</li> <li>Normal vaginal birth</li> <li>Instrumental vaginal</li> <li>General anesthetic for caesarean section</li> <li>Small babies among births or after 40 weeks</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What are the most common causes of infant mortality?

<ul> <li>Congenital conditions</li> <li>SIDS</li> <li>Accidents</li> <li>Respiratory infections</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to producing a healthy baby?

<ul> <li>Child spacing</li> <li>Maternal education</li> <li>Living standards</li> <li>Quality standard care</li> <li>Breastfeeding</li> <li>Screening</li> <li>Antibiotic and medical advances</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 5 main features of Routine Antenatal Care?

<ul> <li>Pregnancy surveillance</li> <li>Education about healthy lifestyle, pregnancy, delivery options, and care of the new baby</li> <li>Preventative interventions</li> <li>Early recognition and management of pregnancy-related problems</li> <li>Management of pre-existing medical problems</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps to improve cultural and linguistic challenges in a consultation? (5 Steps)

<ol> <li>Accept a role in helping patients develop skills to participate in consultations. 2. Be willing to learn cultural knowledge from patients. 3. Operate with appropriate levels of intercultural awareness and competence. 4. Accept a role in training patients to develop a degree of intercultural awareness and competence. 5. Develop awareness of how and when it may be appropriate to modify consultations.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How does life expectancy, burden of disease and mortality rate differ between indigenous and non-indigenous populations?

The gap in life expectancy between indigenous and non-indigenous is 10.6 years for males and 9.5 years for females. Burden of disease is 2.5 times higher for indigenous. Mortality rate is 2 times higher than non-indigenous. Most deaths in indigenous occur at young ages. Signup and view all the answers

What are the top 5 leading causes of death in indigenous populations?

<ol> <li>Ischaemic heart disease 2. Diabetes mellitus 3. Lung cancer 4. Chronic lower respiratory disease 5. Intentional self-harm</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the broad determinants of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health?

Socio-economic status, low incomes, high unemployment, poor educational attainment Signup and view all the answers

What are the social determinants impacting social and emotional wellbeing?

Intergenerational trauma, imbalanced power relations, limited access to service, systemized and individualized discrimination and racism, poverty and ill-health. Signup and view all the answers