National Core Maternity Indicators

Expansive, Constrictive, Stationary

The shift in disease pattern where degenerative and man-made diseases replace pandemics of infection as the primary causes of morbidity and mortality

Pre-Industrial Stage, Urbanizing Stage, Mature Industrial Stage, Post-Industrial Stage

A measure of the potential socioeconomic burden on the working age population by the young and elderly

Fertility, Mortality and Migration (in and out)

It includes people not capable of childbearing and cannot be compared with other countries and regions

It is the average number of children a hypothetical woman could expect to bear in her lifetime if she experienced current age-specific fertility rates at each age of her reproductive life. It is more effective because it is an age-adjusted measure and can be compared with other populations

Infant mortality rate refers to the number of infants dying before 1 year of age, while child mortality rate refers to the number of child deaths between ages 1-4

1. Universal Coverage, 2. Access to primary health care, 3. Workforce innovation, 4. Financial Subsidies, 5. Better integration between health systems for the continuity of care.

Culture and personality development begins at birth and is influenced by experiences with family, friends, and wider community groups. It is learned through 'socialization' on a primary and secondary level.

Cultural competence is important because doctors engage with people of many different backgrounds. They need to work and care for individuals from diverse cultures.

1. Integration, 2. Assimilation, 3. Isolation, 4. Marginalisation.

1. Mental health issues 2. Accidents and injuries 3. Asthma, migraine, substance use

Factors viewed as correlations and NOT causal: - Mental illness - Unemployment - Substance abuse - Social isolation - Sexuality/Gender Dysphoria - Environmental factors

Answer not provided in the given text

Chronological Age: number of years lived. Functional age: ability to function physically and socially + quality of life

Biological Ageing: physical changes that reduce organ system efficiency. Psychological Ageing: increase in negative emotions, no decline in preexisting knowledge, poor performance in solving new problems (fluid intelligence). Social Ageing: increased loneliness, boredom, and loss of independence

Programmed Ageing Theories and Non-Programmed (Error or Damage) Ageing Theories

Programmed Longevity (switching on/off certain genes, Hayflick Phenomenon), Endocrine Theory, and Immunological Theory

Social gradient, Stress, Early life, Social exclusion, Work, Unemployment, Social support, Addiction, Food, Transport

Health inequality refers to the differences in health status among the population, while health inequity refers to differences in health status or outcomes that are due to factors that are unjust, unfair or preventable.

The Social Gradient describes the relationship between socioeconomic status and health, where the poorest have the worst health status.

Institutionalized racism is racism that is structured into political, social, or health institutions, where discrimination deliberately or unwittingly limits the rights of certain groups of people.

• Smoking in pregnancy
• Antenatal care in the first trimester
• Episiotomy
• Apgar score of less than 7 at 5 minutes
• Induction of labor
• Caesarian section
• Normal vaginal birth
• Instrumental vaginal
• General anesthetic for caesarean section
• Small babies among births or after 40 weeks

• Congenital conditions
• SIDS
• Accidents
• Respiratory infections

• Child spacing
• Maternal education
• Living standards
• Quality standard care
• Breastfeeding
• Screening
• Antibiotic and medical advances

• Pregnancy surveillance
• Education about healthy lifestyle, pregnancy, delivery options, and care of the new baby
• Preventative interventions
• Early recognition and management of pregnancy-related problems
• Management of pre-existing medical problems

1. Accept a role in helping patients develop skills to participate in consultations. 2. Be willing to learn cultural knowledge from patients. 3. Operate with appropriate levels of intercultural awareness and competence. 4. Accept a role in training patients to develop a degree of intercultural awareness and competence. 5. Develop awareness of how and when it may be appropriate to modify consultations.

The gap in life expectancy between indigenous and non-indigenous is 10.6 years for males and 9.5 years for females. Burden of disease is 2.5 times higher for indigenous. Mortality rate is 2 times higher than non-indigenous. Most deaths in indigenous occur at young ages.

1. Ischaemic heart disease 2. Diabetes mellitus 3. Lung cancer 4. Chronic lower respiratory disease 5. Intentional self-harm

Socio-economic status, low incomes, high unemployment, poor educational attainment

Intergenerational trauma, imbalanced power relations, limited access to service, systemized and individualized discrimination and racism, poverty and ill-health.