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Structures and Pointers

• The concept of structure is a user-defined data type in C++ to represent a collection of logically related data items, which may be of different types, under a common name.
• Structures are used to represent grouped data, such as student details, employee details, etc.
• The syntax to define a structure is: struct structure_tag { data_type variable1; data_type variable2; ...; data_type variableN; };
• The structure tag (or structure name) is an identifier and is used to declare variables of the structure type.
• Elements of a structure are variables specified within the pair of braces, and their data types determine the size of the structure.
• Structure variables are declared using the syntax: struct structure_tag var1, var2, ..., varN; or structure_tag var1, var2, ..., varN;
• Memory allocation for a structure variable is based on the size of the structure, which is the sum of the sizes of its elements.

Structure Definition and Memory Allocation

• The size of a structure depends on the definition of the structure.
• For example, a structure date with three int type elements (day, month, and year) will require 12 bytes of memory (4 bytes per int type element).
• The memory allocation for a structure variable can be visualized as a block of memory divided into separate spaces for each element.

Variable Initialization

• Structure variables can be initialized during declaration using the syntax: structure_tag variable = {value1, value2, ..., valueN};
• The values are assigned to the elements of the structure variable in the order of their position in the definition.
• If not all elements are initialized, the remaining elements are assigned with 0 (zero) or '\0' (null character) depending on numeric or string.

Structure Assignment

• A structure variable can be assigned with the values of another structure variable of the same type.
• The assignment statement is: structure_tag var1 = var2;
• The values of var2 are copied to var1.

Differences between Structure Definition and Structure Variables

• A structure definition is a blueprint for a structure, and it does not allocate memory.
• A structure variable is a realization of the structure definition, and it allocates memory based on the size of the structure.
• Structure variables can be assigned with values, but structure definitions cannot.### Lists in HTML
• Lists in HTML can be used to present information in a more communicative way.
• There are three kinds of lists in HTML:
  • Unordered lists (bulleted lists)
  • Ordered lists (numbered lists)
  • Definition lists

Unordered Lists

• Unordered lists display a bullet or other graphic in front of each item in the list.
• Unordered lists are created using the <ul><li> and </li></ul> tag pair.
• Each item in the list is presented using the and tag pair.
• Unordered lists are used when a set of items can be placed in any order.
• Example: presenting hardware components of a computer in a bulleted list.

Customizing Unordered Lists

• The Type attribute can be set to customize unordered lists:
  • Disc (default value)
  • Square
  • Circle
• This sets the type of bullet that appears before each list item.

Ordered Lists

• Ordered lists present the items in some numerical or alphabetical order.
• Ordered lists are created using the <ol><li> and </li></ol> tag pair.
• The items in the ordered list are presented using the `` tag.
• Ordered lists are used to display a list of items that need to be placed in a specific order.
• Example: presenting memory devices of a computer in a numbered list.

Customizing Ordered Lists

• There are other numbering styles for presenting the list items, but not specified in this text.### Lists in HTML
• There are three types of lists in HTML: ordered lists, unordered lists, and definition lists.
• Ordered lists use numbers (1, 2, 3, ...) and can be customized using the type attribute (e.g., A for uppercase letters, a for lowercase letters, I for large Roman numerals, i for small Roman numerals).
• Unordered lists use bullets (•) and can also be customized using the type attribute.
• Definition lists are used to define terms and their corresponding definitions.

Nested Lists

• A list of items can be nested within another list.
• Examples of nested lists include inserting an unordered list into an ordered list, an ordered list into an unordered list, etc.

Creating Hyperlinks

• Hyperlinks allow users to navigate between websites by clicking on words, phrases, or images.
• HTML provides the ability to hyperlink text, images, etc. to another document or section of the same document using the <a> tag, also known as the anchor tag.
• The href attribute is used to specify the URL of the document or section to be linked.

Types of Hyperlinks

• Internal linking: linking to a specific section of the same document.
• External linking: linking to another web page.
• Email linking: linking to an email address using the mailto: protocol.

Creating Tables

• Tables are used to present structured data in a web page.
• The </a> tag is used to create a table, and it requires the support of other tags such as , , and `` to construct the table.
• Attributes of the `` tag include:
  • border: specifies the thickness of the border around the table.
  • bordercolor: assigns a color to the table border.
  • align: specifies the position of the table within the browser window.
  • bgcolor: changes the background color of the table.
  • background: assigns a background image to the table.
  • cellspacing: specifies the space between cells.
  • cellpadding: specifies the space between the cell border and content.
  • width and height: set the table width and height.
  • frame: specifies how table borders are displayed.
  • rules: controls what rules (borders between cells) are displayed in a table.

Other Tags Associated with ``

• The `` tag is used to create rows in a table.
• The `` tag is used to create cells in a table.
• The `` tag is used to create header cells in a table.