NASM-CPT 7th Edition Chapter 7 Quiz & Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the Human Movement System (HMS)?

The muscular system only
The collective components and structures that work together to move the body (correct)
The nervous system only
The skeletal system only

What does the Kinetic Chain refer to?

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.

What is the Regional Interdependence Model?

The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body.

What does Biomechanics study?

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces. Signup and view all the answers

What is Kinesiology?

Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology. Signup and view all the answers

Define Anatomic Position.

The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms forward. Signup and view all the answers

What does Multiplanar movement mean?

Movement patterns that take the body through motions in more than one plane. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Saggital Plane?

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves. Signup and view all the answers

Explain Flexion.

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases. Signup and view all the answers

What is Extension?

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases. Signup and view all the answers

Define Hyperextension.

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion. Signup and view all the answers

What is Dorsiflexion?

Flexion occurring at the ankle. Signup and view all the answers

Describe Plantar Flexion.

Extension occurring at the ankle, pointing the foot downwards. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Frontal Plane?

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves. Signup and view all the answers

Define Abduction.

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is Adduction?

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body. Signup and view all the answers

Explain Lateral Flexion.

Bending of the spine from side to side. Signup and view all the answers

What does Eversion mean?

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. Signup and view all the answers

Define Inversion.

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves medially. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Transverse Plane?

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves. Signup and view all the answers

What is Internal Rotation?

Rotation of a body segment toward the middle of the body. Signup and view all the answers

Define External Rotation.

Rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What does Horizontal Abduction involve?

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position. Signup and view all the answers

What is Horizontal Adduction?

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position. Signup and view all the answers

What is Radioulnar Pronation?

Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position. Signup and view all the answers

Define Radioulnar Supination.

Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position. Signup and view all the answers

What is Pronation of the Foot?

Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with force reduction. Signup and view all the answers

What does Supination of the Foot involve?

Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of inversion, plantar flexion, and ankle adduction; associated with force production. Signup and view all the answers

Define Gait.

Biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running, and sprinting. Signup and view all the answers

What is Scapular Retraction?

Adduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline. Signup and view all the answers

Explain Scapular Protraction.

Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline. Signup and view all the answers

Define Scapular Depression.

Downward (inferior) motion of the scapulae. Signup and view all the answers

What is Scapular Elevation?

Upward (superior) motion of the scapulae. Signup and view all the answers

Define Elasticity.

The ability of soft tissues to return to resting length after being stretched. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Ligament?

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone. Signup and view all the answers

Explain Flexibility.

The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint. Signup and view all the answers

What does Hypermobility mean?

A state where a lack of neuromuscular support leads to a joint having more range of motion than it should, greatly increasing the risk of injury at that joint. Signup and view all the answers

Define Hypomobility.

When range of motion at a joint is limited. Signup and view all the answers

What is Eccentric Muscle Action?

A muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Motor Unit?

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates. Signup and view all the answers

Define Isotonic Muscle Actions.

Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. Signup and view all the answers

What is Isometric Muscle Action?

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length. Signup and view all the answers

What does Direction of Resistance refer to?

Eccentric motion moves in the same direction as the resistance moves. Signup and view all the answers

Define Deceleration.

Eccentric Motion. Signup and view all the answers

What is Acceleration?

Concentric Motion. Signup and view all the answers

What is Concentric Muscle Action?

A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle. Signup and view all the answers

Define Core.

The structures that make up the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC), including the lumbar spine, pelvic girdle, abdomen, and hip joint. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Muscle Action Spectrum?

The full range of eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement. Signup and view all the answers

Define Agonists.

The primary muscles providing force for a movement. Signup and view all the answers

What are Synergists?

Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement. Signup and view all the answers

What are Stabilizers?

Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves. Signup and view all the answers

What does Feed Forward Activation mean?

When a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement. Signup and view all the answers

Define Antagonists.

Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What does Medial mean?

Relatively closer to the midline. Signup and view all the answers

What is Lateral?

Relatively farther away from the midline or toward the outside of the body. Signup and view all the answers

Define Contralateral.

Positioned on the opposite side of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What does Ipsilateral refer to?

Positioned on the same side of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is Anterior?

Positioned on or toward the front of the body. Signup and view all the answers

Define Posterior.

Positioned on or toward the back of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What does Proximal mean?

Positioned nearest to the center of the body or other identified reference point. Signup and view all the answers

What is Distal?

Positioned farthest from the center of the body or other identified reference point. Signup and view all the answers

What does Inferior mean?

Positioned below an identified reference point. Signup and view all the answers

Define Superior.

Positioned above an identified reference point. Signup and view all the answers

What is Closed Chain Movement?

Distal segments, such as a person's hands or feet, are fixed and remain in contact with a stationary surface. Signup and view all the answers

What does Open Chain Movement refer to?

Distal segments (hands and feet) are not fixed, and they are free to move in space. Signup and view all the answers

What is Force?

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object. Signup and view all the answers

What does Length Tension Relationship mean?

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length. Signup and view all the answers

Define Resting Length.

The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched. Signup and view all the answers

What is Actin?

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction. Signup and view all the answers

What is Myosin?

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction. Signup and view all the answers

Define Sarcomere.

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines. Signup and view all the answers

What does Muscle Balance refer to?

When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships. Signup and view all the answers

Explain Altered Length Tension Relationship.

When a muscle's resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce. Signup and view all the answers

What is Reciprocal Inhibition?

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen. Signup and view all the answers

Define Altered Reciprocal Inhibition.

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist. Signup and view all the answers

What does Muscle Imbalance mean?

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What is Neutral Position?

The optimal resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently through its entire normal range of motion. Signup and view all the answers

Define Stretch Shortening Cycle.

Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction. Signup and view all the answers

What is Series Elastic Component?

Springlike noncontractile component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy. Signup and view all the answers

Explain Amortization Phase.

The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle. Signup and view all the answers

What is Stretch Reflex?

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening. Signup and view all the answers

Define Integrated Performance Paradigm.

To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically). Signup and view all the answers

What is the Force Velocity Curve?

The inverse relationship between force and velocity, referring to a muscle's ability to produce tension at differing contraction velocities. Signup and view all the answers

Define Tendon.

A fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is Force Couple Relationship?

The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint. Signup and view all the answers

What are Joint Support Systems?

Muscular stabilization systems located in joints distal of the spine. Signup and view all the answers

Define Local Muscular System.

Muscles that generally attach on or near the vertebrae and serve the primary purpose of stabilizing the trunk of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Global Muscular System?

Muscular system that is comprised of larger muscles that initiate movements and tend to function across one or more joints. Signup and view all the answers

What does Deep Longitudinal Subsystem (DLS) involve?

Muscular system that includes muscles of the lower leg, hamstrings, and lower back region. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Posterior Oblique Subsystem (POS)?

Muscular system made up of the latissimus dorsi, thoracolumbar fascia, and contralateral gluteus maximus. Signup and view all the answers

Define Anterior Oblique Subsystem (AOS).

Muscular system made up of the obliques, the adductor (inner) thigh muscles, and the hip external rotators. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Lateral Subsystem (LS)?

Muscular system that is made up of the lateral hip and medial thigh muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What is Rotary Motion?

Movement of the bones around the joints. Signup and view all the answers

Define Torque.

A force that produces rotation. Signup and view all the answers

What is Motor Behavior?

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is Motor Control?

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response. Signup and view all the answers

Define Motor Learning.

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience. Signup and view all the answers

What is Motor Development?

Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span. Signup and view all the answers

What are Muscle Synergies?

Groups of muscles that are recruited simultaneously by the central nervous system to provide movement. Signup and view all the answers

What are Mechanoreceptors?

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces within tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Human Movement System (HMS)

Comprises muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems working together for body movement.

Kinetic Chain

Describes the body as a chain of interconnected links facilitating movement.

Regional Interdependence Model

Emphasizes the integrated functioning of multiple body systems and regions.

Biomechanics

Studies internal and external forces acting upon the body and their effects.

Kinesiology

Focuses on movement in relation to anatomy and physiology.

Anatomic Position

Erect body stance with arms at sides and palms facing forward; serves as a reference position.

Multiplanar Movement

Movement patterns involving more than one plane.

Planes of Movement

Sagittal Plane: Divides body into left and right halves; involves flexion/extension.
Frontal Plane: Divides body into front and back halves; involves abduction/adduction.
Transverse Plane: Divides body into top and bottom halves; involves rotation.

Joint Movements

Flexion: Decrease in angle between segments.
Extension: Increase in angle between segments.
Hyperextension: Extension beyond normal range.
Dorsiflexion: Ankle flexion.
Plantar Flexion: Ankle extension, pointing foot downwards.

Movements in the Frontal Plane

Abduction: Movement away from midline.
Adduction: Movement toward midline.
Lateral Flexion: Side bending of the spine.

Foot Movements

Eversion: Movement of the heel lateral, sole facing outward.
Inversion: Movement of the heel medial, sole facing inward.

Core Concepts

Core: Includes lumbar spine, pelvic girdle, abdomen, and hip joint; vital for stability.
Muscle Balance: Optimal relationships allowing joints to rest in neutral position.

Muscle Actions

Eccentric: Muscle action lengthening while producing tension.
Concentric: Muscle action shortening to overcome resistance.
Isometric: Muscle force equals resistance, no length change.

Dynamic Movement Concepts

Stretch-Shortening Cycle: Eccentric loading prepares muscle for rapid concentric contraction.
Amortization Phase: Transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading.

Muscle Structures

Actin / Myosin: Thin/thick filaments responsible for muscle contraction.
Sarcomere: Structural unit of myofibril between Z-lines.

Muscle Systems

Local Muscular System: Stabilizes the trunk through muscle attachments near vertebrae.
Global Muscular System: Larger muscles that initiate movement across joints.

Force and Mechanics

Force: Influence causing acceleration or deceleration of an object.
Torque: Rotational force measured in Newton meters (Nm).

Muscle Synergies

Groups of muscles activated simultaneously for specific movements.

Motor Behavior

Responses to sensory stimuli; encompasses motor control and learning.
Motor Control: CNS processing of sensory info to produce responses.
Motor Learning: Integration of control processes to enhance skilled behavior over time.
Motor Development: Progression of skilled motor behavior throughout the lifespan.

Specialized Structures

Mechanoreceptors: Respond to mechanical forces; include golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles.

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Test your knowledge of key concepts from Chapter 7 of the NASM-CPT 7th Edition. This chapter focuses on essential terms related to the human movement system, kinetic chain, and regional interdependence model. Use these flashcards to reinforce your understanding of human anatomy and movement principles.

NASM-CPT 7th Edition Chapter 7 Flashcards

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