Nasionalisme dan Jati Diri Bangsa

• The presentation is titled "Nasionalisme dan Jati Diri Bangsa" which translates to "Nationalism and National Identity"

Objectives

• Describe the relationship between geographical conditions and the arrival of colonialism and imperialism in Indonesia
• Analyze the influence of colonialism and imperialism in Indonesia
• Explain the process of the Indonesian people fighting for independence
• Analyze efforts to achieve equitable economic development in Indonesia
• Design conflict resolution activities and efforts to improve social integration

Exploration of the Seas, Colonialism, and Imperialism in Indonesia

• Indonesia is located between two continents (Asia and Australia) and two oceans (Indian and Pacific)
• Indonesia's geographical location places it in the tropics, bordered by 23.5° North Latitude and 23.5° South Latitude
• Indonesia is the largest archipelago, possessing diverse wealth and variety

Factors Encouraging Western Nations

• European nations used spices to preserve food, as cooking ingredients, and as medicines
• The motivation of gold equates to wealth
• Glory means national glory
• Gospel refers to the desire to spread or teach Christianity
• The industrial revolution encouraged modern imperialism, starting around 1750-1850
• European nations initially came to the archipelago to trade
• There were rumors that the archipelago had black gold

Life of Indonesian Society During Colonialism and Imperialism

• 1486: Bartolomeu Dias made the first voyage along the African coast
• 1511: Alfonso d'Alburquerque (Portugal) conquered Malacca and reached Maluku in 1512
• 1521: Sebastian del Cano (Spain) landed in Tidore
• 1595: Cornelis de Houtman led an expedition to Indonesia at Banten Harbor through the Sunda Strait
• 1602: The Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) was founded
• 1808: Herman Willem Daendels became Governor-General

The VOC

• The Dutch trading company was named Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC)
• The VOC was founded in Amsterdam to avoid unhealthy competition among Dutch traders and strengthen the Dutch position against other countries

Authority and Rights of the VOC

• Establish a trade monopoly in the region from the Cape of Good Hope to the Straits of Magellan, including the archipelago
• Form its own army
• Wage war
• Make agreements with local kings
• Mint and issue its own currency
• Appoint its own employees
• Govern colonized territories

Impact of Trade Monopoly

• Initially, Western nations were well-received by the Indonesian people
• The Dutch then implemented a monopoly, controlling the market by one or a few companies
• VOC monopolies were imposed as the Dutch forced Indonesian kingdoms to sign monopoly contracts, using divide and conquer tactics that disrupted inter-kingdom relations
• Indonesians could not freely sell their crops and were only allowed to sell to the VOC

Impact of Forced Labor

• During the colonial era, Indonesians experienced forced labor, including building the Anyer-Panarukan road over 1,000 kilometers long
• The road was built during the reign of Governor-General Daendels from the Bataaf Republic (France) from 1808-1811
• Primarily for military and colonial defense and to connect important cities on Java, which were centers for export crops
• Involuntary forced labor caused suffering

Impact of Forced Cultivation

• In 1830, Van Den Bosch implemented the Cultivation System because the Netherlands faced financial difficulties due to the Java War or Diponegoro War (1825-1830) and the Belgian War (1830-1831)
• Regulations stated that land used for compulsory crops should only be 1/5 of the land owned by the people, but in reality, it was often up to 1/2 of the land they owned
• Excess proceeds from compulsory crops were never paid
• Time spent on compulsory work exceeded 66 days with no adequate compensation
• Land used for compulsory crops was still taxed
• Critics of the policy included Baron van Hoevel, E.F.E. Douwes Dekker (Multatuli), and L. Vitalis
• In 1870, the Agrarian Law (Agrarische Wet) was issued, regulating land political principles in colonized lands to ensure a private individual could lease land, for the government and residents

Resistance Against Trade Partnerships

• Trade monopolies during colonialism were detrimental to Indonesian society
• Trade partnerships caused losses because commodities could only be sold to these partnerships at below-market prices
• 1529: Resistance by Sultan Baabullah
• 1607-1639: People's Resistance in Aceh
• 1628: Attack on Mataram
• 1666: Resistance by Sultan Hasanuddin

Padri War in West Sumatra (1821-1838)

• Conflict between the Customary Group (Kaum Adat) and the Padri Group, the Customary Group wanted to maintain local traditions that mixed Islam with Minangkabau customs
• The Padri Group, led by Tuanku Imam Bonjol, sought to uphold purer Islamic teachings
• The Customary Group asked the Dutch for help against the Padri Group
• The Dutch used this conflict to strengthen their influence in West Sumatra
• The Customary Group turned to support the Padri Group against the Dutch because they felt oppressed
• Major battles occurred in various areas of West Sumatra
• The Dutch defeated the Padri Group through military tactics and agreements
• Tuanku Imam Bonjol was captured in 1837 and exiled until his death
• As a result, the Dutch fully controlled West Sumatra, with an attempt to integrate Islam with local customs

Aceh War (1873-1904)

• The Dutch wanted to control Aceh because of its strategic location on the Malacca Strait trade route
• Aceh refused to submit to Dutch rule and maintained its independence
• The Aceh Sultanate had diplomatic ties with the Ottoman Caliphate and Western countries
• In 1873, the Dutch launched their first attack led by General Kohler (who died in battle)
• In 1874, the Dutch occupied the Aceh Sultanate Palace (Kraton) in Banda Aceh, but popular resistance continued
• From 1899-1904, the Dutch employed the "De Aceh Oorlog" (Guerrilla War) tactic and appointed conquered Acehnese figures as mediators
• The war caused many casualties among the Acehnese people

Diponegoro War (1825-1830)

• Key Figures: Pangeran Diponegoro, Sentot Alibasyah, General De Kock
• The people of Java, especially farmers, suffered from high taxes and pressure from the Dutch East Indies government
• The Dutch seized land belonging to the Yogyakarta Royal property for infrastructure development, leading Pangeran Diponegoro to feel that Javanese royal traditions and sovereignty were threatened
• In 1825, Diponegoro raised his banner of resistance from his residence in Tegalrejo
• The war continued as a guerrilla war with broad support from the Javanese people
• The Dutch forces had trouble confronting Diponegoro's guerrilla strategy
• In 1830, Diponegoro was captured via deceptive negotiations in Magelang, than exiled to Makassar until he died in 1855

Japanese Occupation Period

• Japan controlled Indonesia for economic and political purposes, particularly to obtain industrial raw materials and expand markets
• The attack on the US base at Pearl Harbor on December 8, 1941, marked the start of Japanese military aggression
• Japanese troops landed in Tarakan, East Kalimantan, on January 11, 1942, and continued capturing strategic areas like Balikpapan and Palembang before invading Java, the center of Dutch government
• On March 5, 1942, Japan successfully conquered Batavia
• The Netherlands surrendered unconditionally on March 8 in Kalijati, West Java
• Japan attempted to gain Indonesian support through the "Three A" propaganda campaign and promises of convenience
• The Japanese occupation was severe, full of oppression and policies that suppressed the people

Establishment of Social Organizations

• Gerakan 3A (led by Mr. Syamsuddin) aimed to gain public sympathy but was less effective
• Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (Putera), established March 1, 1943, and led by the Four Serangkai to consolidate national figures
• Jawa Hokokai (1944) was under Japanese supervision to rally popular support for the Japanese government.
• Masyumi (1943) replaced the Majelis Islam A'la Indonesia, led by K.H. Hasyim Ashari and K.H. Mas Mansyur, to accommodate the Muslim majority in Indonesia

Establishment of Military Organizations

• Seinendan: youth soldiers aged 14-22 years Fujinkai: Women's association over 15 years old bound in semi-military training
• Keibodan: a barisan that helps male police aged 20-25 years
• Heiho (1943): an organization of auxiliary soldiers of the Japanese army
• Peta: guerrilla forces that helped Japan fight sudden enemy attacks

Romusha and Exploitation of Natural Resources

• Japan recruited Romusha to help the war by forcing Indonesians to build infrastructure like roads, fortifications, railways, and bridges
• Japan forced Indonesian women to become Jugun Ianfu (comfort women) at battle outposts, increasing suffering during the occupation
• Japan exploited Indonesia's natural resources more cruelly that the Dutch
• All economic activities supported the war effort
• Dutch economic assets were seized and plantations and industries rerequired production in support of the war
• People had to surrender most of their crops to Japan, taking home only about 20 percent of the harvest
• Japan instated mass starvation and the Honger oedema disease outbreak across Indonesia

Changes from Colonialism and Occupation

• People' economy transformed from colonial economy to plantations, like: coffee, tea, and spices
• Forced labor such as cultuurstelsel and romusha caused suffering
• Exploitation came from Western and Japan colonisation
• Indonesians had no political rights under colonial governments
• Rise of national movements: Budi Utomo, Sarekat Islam, and PNI
• Organisations like: Putera and Masyumi were use to manipulated fighters

Aspect of Geography

• Administrations where divided by colonial governemnts
• Infrastructures where built such as: railways, harbours and roads

Aspect of Culture

• Western influence resulted in the way people dressed and spoke
• Change in social values due to assimilation of foreign cultures

Aspect of Religion

• Education was restricted mostly to the elite
• Literate natives who pioneered national movements