Nasal Infections and Parasites in Dogs
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary symptom associated with nasal infections in dogs?

  • Ear infection and swelling
  • Fever and vomiting
  • Weight loss and lethargy
  • Sneezing and nasal discharge (correct)

    • Which diagnostic method is used to identify the presence of E. boehmi?

  • Blood test for allergens
  • X-ray imaging of the skull
  • Mucosal biopsy or fecal examination (correct)
  • Respiratory fluid culture

    • What type of parasites are Cuterebra and Pneumonyssus caninum?

  • Nasal nematodes and mites (correct)
  • Bacterial pathogens
  • Fungal organisms
  • Nasal viruses

    • What treatment option is NOT typically used for nasal parasites in dogs?

    <p>Antibiotic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the clinical signs of nasopharyngeal involvement?

    <p>Reversed sneezing and gagging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common diagnostic procedure for nasal disorders in dogs?

    <p>Throat swab culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most commonly noted early sign of nasopharyngeal polyps in cats?

    <p>Voice change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which species is allergic rhinitis presumed to occur?

    <p>Dogs and cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of bronchodilator therapy during an emergency?

    <p>To minimize stress and improve breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of corticosteroids in chronic management of bronchopneumonia?

    <p>To serve as the mainstay anti-inflammatory therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections is bronchopneumonia most commonly associated with?

    <p>Bacterial infections primarily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical sign of bronchopneumonia?

    <p>Elevated blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In managing bronchopneumonia, what may be beneficial besides medication?

    <p>Control of environmental triggers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is least likely to be used for delivering emergency bronchodilator therapy?

    <p>Oral ingestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might indicate a predisposition for bacterial pneumonia in a patient?

    <p>History of chronic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration when tapering corticosteroid treatment?

    <p>Adjusting dosage based on clinical response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason to avoid blocker drugs in patients with certain respiratory conditions?

    <p>They may lead to bronchoconstriction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding is most likely associated with noninfectious forms of interstitial lung disease?

    <p>Leukocytosis with a left shift or neutropenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy is considered beneficial for the treatment of pulmonary interstitial disease?

    <p>Supportive therapy including IV fluids and airway humidification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key diagnostic method for confirming noninfectious forms of interstitial lung disease?

    <p>Lung histopathology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant diagnostic method to confirm parasitic lung infections in dogs?

    <p>Thoracotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these microorganisms is less likely to cause dorsocaudal pulmonary infiltrates?

    <p>Viral agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What class of drugs is recommended for treating diagnosed pulmonary mycosis?

    <p>Immunosuppressive drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasite is known to form granulomas near the tracheal bifurcation in dogs?

    <p>Oslerus osleri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common finding might be seen in cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in cases of eosinophilic inflammation?

    <p>Marked eosinophilia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is most commonly associated with heavy infestations of lung parasites in young dogs?

    <p>Coughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What finding might a CBC reveal in a dog infected with lung parasites?

    <p>Eosinophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the prognosis of interstitial lung disease is accurate?

    <p>The prognosis can be chronic or involve recurrent episodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic finding on thoracic radiography is associated with Paragonimus infection in dogs?

    <p>Air-filled cystic structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment of choice for solitary masses found in dogs due to parasitic infections?

    <p>Surgical excision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique may be necessary to detect certain larva in lung infections diagnosed in dogs?

    <p>Baermann technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may arise with blunt or penetrating trauma to the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Flail chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of adjunctive treatment with prednisolone in cases of eosinophilic pulmonary reaction?

    <p>It may help in severe cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pneumothorax is caused by the rupture of pulmonary blebs or bullae?

    <p>Primary spontaneous pneumothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neoplasms are considered the most common primary lung tumors in dogs?

    <p>Carcinomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor increases the likelihood of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax?

    <p>Presence of pulmonary abscesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of traumatic pneumothorax?

    <p>Penetrating trauma to the thoracic wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the time of diagnosis, what is notable about metastatic rates in pulmonary neoplasms?

    <p>They are high.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is primarily associated with Dirofilaria immitis in dogs?

    <p>Secondary pulmonary injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of trauma is specifically linked to greater prevalence of pneumothorax?

    <p>Blunt trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding might suggest a chronic hypoxemia condition in a patient?

    <p>Presence of nucleated red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor when assessing a patient's arterial blood gas analysis?

    <p>Partial pressure of CO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is commonly associated with a bacterial infection leading to rhinitis in cats?

    <p>Chlamydia psittaci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What microscopic technique is utilized to analyze cilia in respiratory conditions?

    <p>Transmission electron microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily affects the prognosis of respiratory conditions in patients?

    <p>Severity of the underlying pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic procedure is specifically used to visualize the lower airway directly?

    <p>Bronchoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is commonly associated with causing viral rhinitis in dogs?

    <p>Herpesvirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can be a complicating factor for acute viral rhinitis?

    <p>Immunosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of test is used to diagnose aspergillosis in dogs?

    <p>Histologic examination of nasal tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical signs is typically NOT associated with nasal parasites in dogs?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic procedure is least useful for identifying nasopharyngeal polyps in cats?

    <p>Ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment method for large nasal parasites in dogs?

    <p>Manual removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of immunoglobulin E in allergic rhinitis?

    <p>Triggers inflammatory response through mast cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What commonly observed sign may indicate nasopharyngeal involvement in dogs?

    <p>Gagging or retching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nematode is commonly associated with nasal infections in dogs?

    <p>Eucoleus boehmi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique is typically used to evaluate structural abnormalities in the nasal cavity?

    <p>Open-mouth radiographs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical finding may indicate laryngeal collapse?

    <p>Apposition of arytenoids cartilages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is NOT associated with laryngeal paralysis?

    <p>Staphylectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cause of tracheal collapse in dogs?

    <p>Inherited dietary deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During oropharyngeal examination, which finding is indicative of potential airway obstruction?

    <p>Everted laryngeal saccules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with laryngeal collapse in brachycephalic dogs?

    <p>Dyspnea and stridor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely result of untreated tracheal collapse in pets?

    <p>Increased mucus production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When treating laryngeal collapse, which course of action may become necessary if the signs persist?

    <p>Permanent tracheostomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might indicate a successful treatment of laryngeal paralysis?

    <p>Resolution of stridor and dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of antitussives?

    <p>They can suppress cough if no infection is documented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying condition is commonly associated with chronic bronchial disease in cats?

    <p>Increased sensitivity due to breed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial antibiotic of choice for suspected secondary infections in cats?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign may indicate a chronic inflammatory process in cats?

    <p>Wheezing during physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of bronchial disease, what might prolonged expiration indicate?

    <p>Airway obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prognosis can typically be observed in cats with bronchial disease?

    <p>Varied depending on the individual case</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might open-mouthed breathing indicate in a cat diagnosed with respiratory distress?

    <p>Severe obstruction or compromise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is most likely linked to a cat presenting with cyanosis?

    <p>Severe hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which thoracic radiographic finding is typically associated with pulmonary conditions in cats?

    <p>Interstitial peribronchial pattern with 'doughnuts'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophilia in cats is most likely to be revealed through which diagnostic test?

    <p>Complete blood count (CBC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom commonly occurs in cats with interstitial lung disease?

    <p>Exercise intolerance and shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might bronchoscopy reveal in a cat with pulmonary issues?

    <p>Mucus accumulation or nodular irregularities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical examination finding may indicate serious pulmonary distress in cats?

    <p>Tachypnea and cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common finding on cytologic evaluation of airway fluids in cats with inflamed airways?

    <p>Increased percentage of neutrophils with no mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it warranted to culture airway fluids in a cat suspected of pulmonary infection?

    <p>When there is evidence of infection on cytology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential treatment option for managing pulmonary inflammatory conditions in cats?

    <p>Prednisone at anti-inflammatory to immunosuppressive doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic procedure is used to confirm the presence and extent of airway collapse?

    <p>Bronchoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is specifically recommended for dogs with chronic bronchitis to help manage their cough?

    <p>Opiate antitussives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental change is beneficial for dogs suffering from chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Weight reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an underlying cause of granulomatous pulmonary diseases?

    <p>Septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which finding is likely observed during a physical examination of a dog with chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Prolonged expiration with an expiratory push</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunologic response might contribute to chronic inflammation in dogs with bronchitis?

    <p>Neutrophilic infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common radiographic finding in granulomatous pulmonary diseases?

    <p>Hypovascularity of the affected lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with pulmonary neoplasia?

    <p>Severe nasal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical sign in dogs suffering from chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Systemic illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be observed during a physical examination of a patient with stenotic nares?

    <p>Everted laryngeal saccules seen as oval mucosal masses lateral to vocal folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is most effective for airway sampling to identify underlying conditions in respiratory cases?

    <p>Tracheal wash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic procedure is often used to assess lung contusions?

    <p>Thoracic radiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily caused by blunt thoracic trauma?

    <p>Lung contusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is appropriate for a condition associated with laryngeal collapse?

    <p>Permanent tracheostomy if signs persist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of chronic bronchitis in dogs that could worsen the condition?

    <p>Chronic mucosal irritation from air pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign is commonly associated with laryngeal collapse in affected dogs?

    <p>Stridor or dyspnea during exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What finding in a CBC might suggest a patient suffering from a lung disease?

    <p>Leukocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential underlying cause of tracheal collapse in dogs?

    <p>Abnormalities in chondrogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment approach is primarily focused on in cases of granulomatous pulmonary diseases?

    <p>Resolving the underlying cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What observation might a veterinarian make during an oropharyngeal examination in a dog with laryngeal collapse?

    <p>Apposition of the arytenoid cartilages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign may indicate chronic respiratory distress in a patient?

    <p>History of coughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible outcome of untreated laryngeal paralysis?

    <p>Development of chronic respiratory distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment strategy is effective for managing nasal stenosis?

    <p>Nasal wedge resection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tracheoscopy in managing tracheal conditions?

    <p>To assess the location and severity of stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a reduction in airway radius have on airflow?

    <p>Increases resistance to airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the clinical signs of airway obstruction?

    <p>High environmental temperature can exacerbate clinical signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is mentioned as having a congenital predisposition to airway conditions?

    <p>Bouvier des Flandres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common diagnostic approach used to evaluate airway conditions?

    <p>Inspiratory and expiratory views on radiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might physical examination reveal in cases of airway obstructions?

    <p>A gentle tracheal pinch may induce a cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the relationship between bronchoconstriction and blocker drugs?

    <p>Blocker drugs should be avoided due to their potential for causing bronchoconstriction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What finding in cytology of airway lavage is commonly seen in cases of interstitial lung disease?

    <p>Increased numbers of degenerative neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may exacerbate airway conditions?

    <p>High humidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is required for tracheal neoplasia removal?

    <p>Tracheal resection and anastomosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is appropriate for managing diagnosed pulmonary mycosis?

    <p>Antibiotic treatment based on culture results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is often associated with long-term airway conditions?

    <p>Chronic, intermittent honking cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of dorsocaudal pulmonary infiltrates?

    <p>Atypical microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the condition that may contribute to eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrates.

    <p>Heartworm infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is definitive for noninfectious forms of interstitial lung disease?

    <p>Lung histopathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a guarded prognosis in cases of pulmonary disease?

    <p>Chronic persistent signs or recurrent episodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parameter might be seen in a CBC of a dog with lung infections?

    <p>Leukocytosis with a left shift or neutropenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of hemothorax in patients?

    <p>Disorders of hemostasis or lung lobe torsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging techniques are useful in diagnosing thoracic neoplasia?

    <p>Thoracic radiography and ultrasonography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment approach for managing neoplastic pleural effusion?

    <p>Drainage of the pleural effusion and addressing the underlying neoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic finding in thoracentesis for hemothorax?

    <p>Nonclotting blood indicating a hemorrhagic issue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typical clinical sign might indicate a significant pleural effusion?

    <p>Dyspnea and potential signs of shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique may be employed for better definition of brain involvement in laryngeal disorders?

    <p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of disease may cause false-negative results during serologic tests for laryngeal disorders?

    <p>Mycotic rhinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical consideration before administering prednisone for airway inflammation?

    <p>Evaluation of infection status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is prioritized for reducing airway inflammation in dogs?

    <p>Prednisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical sign associated with chronic tracheal diseases?

    <p>Honking cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure requires general anesthesia for visualization of mucosal lesions or foreign bodies?

    <p>Rhinoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure could assist in clearing secretions from the airways in bronchopneumonia cases?

    <p>Nebulization and chest coupling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential prior to submission of samples for cytology and histopathology during a nasal examination?

    <p>Aggressive nasal flushing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bronchodilator is deemed more effective in reducing work of breathing?

    <p>Albuterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of imaging may delineate the extent of a mass associated with laryngeal disorders?

    <p>Nasal computed tomography (CT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor may require adjustment of the theophylline dosage?

    <p>Use of enrofloxacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has to be performed to differentiate a cough caused by tracheal disease from other respiratory conditions?

    <p>Cardiac examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible long-term treatment consideration for airway infections?

    <p>Regular microbiological cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose does electron microscopy serve in diagnosing respiratory conditions?

    <p>Identifies ciliary dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option is NOT a common radiographic view used during skull radiography for laryngeal examination?

    <p>Occipital view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by increased risk for infection after treatment?

    <p>Bronchopneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neoplasms is most commonly associated with tracheal tumors in dogs?

    <p>Adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical sign of bronchiectasis in affected animals?

    <p>Irreversible dilation of the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a possible cause of bronchiectasis in animals?

    <p>Chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cytological evaluations, what might indicate a significant inflammatory response in the airways?

    <p>Increased percentage of neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common primary tracheal neoplasm identified in dogs?

    <p>Adenovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does bronchiectasis have on airway function?

    <p>Reduces airway patency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histological finding might be expected in cases of airway neoplasia?

    <p>Atypical cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is typical of the airways affected by bronchiectasis?

    <p>Dilation with secretions accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using antiinflammatory drugs in chronic bronchopneumonia management?

    <p>They help control clinical signs and reduce corticosteroid dosage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes how infection typically occurs in cases of bronchopneumonia?

    <p>Via inhalation of pathogens present in the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the initial action if bronchodilator therapy does not yield immediate improvement?

    <p>Administer short-acting parenteral corticosteroids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with bronchopneumonia?

    <p>Sudden weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental control measure may benefit patients with chronic bronchopneumonia?

    <p>Controlling triggers such as smoke and dust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of the bronchodilators used in emergency therapy?

    <p>They can be delivered subcutaneously or via inhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of bacterial bronchopneumonia, what is the typical radiographic finding?

    <p>Presence of alveolar patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor may predispose a patient to bacterial pneumonia aside from respiratory infections?

    <p>Laryngeal paralysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is typically treated with glucocorticoid therapy due to its immunosuppressive nature?

    <p>Eosinophilic pulmonary granulomatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common clinical sign associated with lung contusions?

    <p>Acute dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic imaging finding might be present in a case of granulomatous pulmonary disease?

    <p>Blunted pulmonary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying cause is indicative of pulmonary neoplasia in dogs?

    <p>Systemic fungal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lab finding is most likely to occur in cases of lung contusions?

    <p>Leukocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor in determining the treatment approach for granulomatous pulmonary diseases?

    <p>Underlying cause of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which systemic condition is associated with the presence of hyperglobulinemia?

    <p>Heartworm disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom might indicate right-sided heart failure due to pulmonary issues?

    <p>Dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique is most likely to reveal increased density in structures related to the pharynx?

    <p>Skull radiographs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary treatment option for managing inflammatory tissue in the middle ear?

    <p>Ventral bulla osteotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic test is indicated if initial empiric treatment for herpesvirus fails?

    <p>Rhinoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which common material is likely to cause nasal foreign bodies in young dogs?

    <p>Grass awns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tumor is most commonly associated with the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in dogs?

    <p>Carcinomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment may be tried if herpesvirus infection is suspected in a cat?

    <p>Lysine administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is accurate regarding Cryptococcus tests in cats?

    <p>Cytology from a nasal swab is effective for detecting it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sign is characteristic of a foreign body obstructing a dog's nasal passages?

    <p>Nasal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method can confirm the presence and extent of airway collapse?

    <p>Bronchoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular condition is primarily involved in the pathophysiology of canine chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Neutrophilic infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is considered most effective for managing cough in dogs with respiratory conditions?

    <p>Opiates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign is typically observed in dogs with chronic bronchitis upon physical examination?

    <p>Slow deep respiratory pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach in terms of environmental management for dogs diagnosed with chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Weight reduction and limit stressors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of a cough in dogs suffering from chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Dry and hacking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of airway sampling, what method is typically utilized to obtain samples for cytology and culture?

    <p>Tracheal wash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic is most affected by canine chronic bronchitis according to recent observations?

    <p>Middle-aged to older overweight dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is most commonly associated with lungworm infections in cats?

    <p>Chronic cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option may be necessary for severe cases of respiratory distress?

    <p>Positive-pressure assisted ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommendation for thoracic radiography in diagnosing pulmonary neoplasms?

    <p>Evaluate multiple views, including laterals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential intermediate host for the nematode Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

    <p>Birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method might NOT detect a pulmonary neoplasm in survey radiographs?

    <p>Ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with chronic weight loss and dyspnea?

    <p>Chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sample evaluation may show neoplastic cells in pulmonary neoplasm cases?

    <p>Airway lavage cytology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical consequence of frequent recumbency in anemia patients?

    <p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign is most indicative of pleural effusion in animals?

    <p>Dyspnea and exercise intolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is primarily characterized by the accumulation of purulent exudate within the pleural space?

    <p>Pyothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential source of infection leading to pyothorax in domestic animals?

    <p>Perforations of mediastinal structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a change that can lead to pleural effusion?

    <p>Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional clinical sign may be present in an animal with pleural effusion aside from dyspnea?

    <p>Depression and anorexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is least likely to contribute to the development of pleural effusion?

    <p>Decreased hydraulic pressure within capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria is most commonly implicated in infections causing pyothorax?

    <p>Mixed bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What position might an animal with significant respiratory distress adopt?

    <p>Sitting or standing with head extended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment approach for neoplastic pleural effusion?

    <p>Thoracentesis and management of the underlying neoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with hemothorax?

    <p>Fever and increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of fluid can thoracentesis reveal in cases of pleural effusion?

    <p>Nonclotting blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is least effective for identifying thoracic neoplasia?

    <p>Serum biochemistry tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of thoracic trauma, what condition is likely to produce an accumulation of blood within the pleural space?

    <p>Hemothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abnormal lung sounds may indicate airway obstruction during thoracic auscultation?

    <p>Rhonchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of thoracic imaging, what characteristic pattern may be evaluated to identify pulmonary issues?

    <p>Interstitial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is NOT typically used during thoracentesis for diagnostic purposes?

    <p>Bronchoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which congenital condition is associated with uncoordinated ciliary function affecting respiratory health?

    <p>Kartagener syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign could indicate the presence of a pleural effusion during examination?

    <p>Dull resonance on percussion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique provides the best detail for identifying small pulmonary and pleural lesions?

    <p>CT scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms would likely present earliest due to primary ciliary dyskinesia?

    <p>Coughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What finding on thoracic auscultation might suggest small airway or parenchymal disease?

    <p>Rales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for performing a tracheal resection and anastamosis?

    <p>To remove the stenotic segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic examination can reveal the severity of laryngeal collapse in dogs?

    <p>Oropharyngeal examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of tracheal collapse in dogs?

    <p>Viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common clinical signs associated with laryngeal collapse?

    <p>Stridor and dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of persistent tracheal collapse?

    <p>Increased mucus production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is indicated as treatment if signs of laryngeal collapse persist?

    <p>Tracheostomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cats, what can obstructive upper airway masses cause?

    <p>Tracheal collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques is essential for assessing dynamic airway collapse during inspiration?

    <p>Fluoroscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which finding is typically observed in bronchoscopies for dogs with bronchitis?

    <p>Airway hyperemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of normal thoracic radiographs in the diagnosis of bronchitis?

    <p>They are commonly found and do not rule out bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication when using surgical stabilization for tracheal collapse?

    <p>Serious complications occurring occasionally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is considered a first choice when bacterial infection is suspected in chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Enrofloxacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic finding might indicate the presence of long-standing bronchitis?

    <p>Nodular proliferations of the mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of extraluminal compression of the trachea?

    <p>Thyroid carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When diagnosing tracheal collapse, what does airway sampling help determine?

    <p>Other pulmonary causes of cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for dogs with chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Irreversible disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant finding in airway samples may complicate the interpretation of culture results?

    <p>Presence of oral contaminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is considered more sensitive in identifying airway issues in chronic cough cases?

    <p>CT imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is commonly associated with severe airway inflammation in patients with chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Presence of abnormal lung sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cytological evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids typically require special attention to?

    <p>Cell differentials and inflammation markers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of airway assessment, which sign is indicative of possible lung consolidation?

    <p>Presence of mucous accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a CBC indicate in the diagnosis of chronic cough associated with airway inflammation?

    <p>Indicators of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lung sounds may be absent when lung consolidation is present?

    <p>Normal lung sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common diagnostic feature that may be observed through bronchoscopy in chronic bronchitis cases?

    <p>Thickened airway walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What CBC finding is most indicative of chronic hypoxemia in a patient?

    <p>Polycythemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is associated with infectious rhinitis in both cats and dogs?

    <p>Bordetella bronchiseptica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most critical role of arterial blood gas analysis in evaluating respiratory conditions?

    <p>It evaluates the ability to oxygenate arterial blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method would best allow direct visualization of airway structures?

    <p>Bronchoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication that may arise from acute viral rhinitis?

    <p>Secondary bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition would eosinophilia most likely appear in a CBC?

    <p>Parasitic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic finding may suggest a chronic bronchial condition in cats?

    <p>Bronchoscopic abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a common cause of chronic rhinitis in dogs?

    <p>Viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most commonly treated fungal infection in cats?

    <p>Aspergillus flavus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is least effective for mycotic infections in cats?

    <p>Oral ketoconazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms are least associated with local nasal tumors in cats?

    <p>Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes malignant nasal tumors?

    <p>They tend to be locally invasive with late metastasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What finding on thoracic radiographs could indicate nasal tumor metastasis?

    <p>Increase in soft tissue density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which breed of dogs are nasal tumors most commonly seen?

    <p>Dolichocephalic and large-breed dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with laryngeal neoplasms?

    <p>Inability to abduct arytenoid cartilages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common treatment for fungal nasal infections?

    <p>Oral amphotericin B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of administering bronchodilators in the context of respiratory conditions in dogs?

    <p>To facilitate airway clearance and reduce breathing effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical consideration before starting prednisone treatment for respiratory issues?

    <p>Ruling out any bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a standard component of the general treatment for respiratory conditions in dogs?

    <p>Immediate surgical intervention for all cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences the metabolism of theophylline when administered with enrofloxacin?

    <p>Enrofloxacin inhibits the metabolism of theophylline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of focal bronchiectasis, what treatment option may be considered?

    <p>Lung lobectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the key function of anti-inflammatory drugs in managing respiratory conditions?

    <p>To decrease airway inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of culture should be performed before antibiotic treatment for respiratory issues?

    <p>Aerobic and anaerobic cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of chronic airway inflammation in dogs?

    <p>Increased risk for further respiratory infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of high-pressure edema in the lungs?

    <p>Overexpansion of plasma volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is associated with eosinophil activation in the lungs?

    <p>Increased mucus and resistance to airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is NOT typically performed to assess eosinophilic lung conditions?

    <p>Histopathology of lung tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic approach for managing eosinophilic pulmonary diseases?

    <p>Treating the underlying disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Presence of which cells in airway fluid can indicate eosinophilic inflammation?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation could lead to permeability edema in the lungs?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might thoracic auscultation reveal in cases of severe lung inflammation?

    <p>Fine crackles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging finding is consistent with eosinophilic lung disease?

    <p>Patchy interstitial and alveolar patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What auscultation finding may indicate the presence of pneumothorax in an animal?

    <p>Decreased heart and lung sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which thoracic radiograph finding is characteristic of a pleural effusion?

    <p>Separation of lung lobes from the parietal pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic procedure for stabilizing a dyspneic animal exhibiting signs of pneumothorax?

    <p>Thoracocentesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings is least likely to be associated with a primary cause of respiratory distress?

    <p>Normal lung expansion on inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of laboratory evaluation can aid in understanding the underlying cause of respiratory issues?

    <p>Analyzing pleural fluid components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ultrasound finding could support the diagnosis of pleural effusion?

    <p>Visual identification of free fluid in the thorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percussion finding is most indicative of pneumothorax?

    <p>Hyperresonant sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is immediate coverage of open chest wounds most critical?

    <p>In cases of traumatic pneumothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method to confirm the presence of airway collapse in dogs?

    <p>Bronchoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is recommended as the most effective for managing cough in dogs with chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Antitussives like hydrocodone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic clinical sign indicative of canine chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Presence of a persistent cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental factor may potentially contribute to the chronic inflammation seen in dogs with canine chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Air pollution exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial approach is beneficial for managing dogs diagnosed with chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Weight reduction and limited stress exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During physical examination, which respiratory pattern is typically observed in severe cases of chronic bronchitis in dogs?

    <p>Slow and deep breathing with prolonged expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic technique should be utilized to obtain cytology and culture from the airways for canine chronic bronchitis evaluation?

    <p>Tracheal wash or tracheobronchoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of physical health condition is commonly seen among middle-aged to older dogs suffering from chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Overweight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell increase is most likely associated with allergic diseases in a patient?

    <p>Eosinophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of analyzing arterial blood gas (ABG) in a patient?

    <p>Assessing the animal's ability to oxygenate blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is NOT commonly associated with acute rhinitis in dogs?

    <p>Canine Parvovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathological condition is most often linked with chronic rhinitis in dogs?

    <p>Tumor presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is used to visualize the lower airway for diagnostic purposes?

    <p>Bronchoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be a consequence of elevated CO2 levels in arterial blood gas analysis?

    <p>Ventilatory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical finding is consistent with acute hypoxemia in a patient?

    <p>Nucleated red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which additional factor can complicate the recovery from acute viral rhinitis?

    <p>Secondary bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign might occur due to postnasal drip in dogs with nasal infections?

    <p>Gagging or retching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is specifically noted for detecting hyphae of Aspergillus in nasal tissue?

    <p>Histologic examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for nasal parasites such as Cuterebra in dogs?

    <p>Manual removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be a sign of nasopharyngeal polyps in cats?

    <p>Voice change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is specifically diagnosed through mucosal biopsy or identification of ova in fecal examinations?

    <p>Eucoleus boehmi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is NOT commonly involved in imaging for nasal cavity evaluation?

    <p>Transesophageal echocardiogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is associated with nasal parasites but NOT typically with allergic rhinitis?

    <p>Severe nasal swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which underlying condition is most likely associated with septicemia?

    <p>Pulmonary neoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective treatment for nasal nematodes in dogs?

    <p>Oral ivermectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign is commonly associated with granulomatous pulmonary diseases?

    <p>Right-sided heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic finding is characteristic of lung contusions?

    <p>Irregular patches on radiographs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of treatment is typically required for severe granulomatous pulmonary diseases related to fungal infections?

    <p>Immunosuppressive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a noninfectious cause of granulomatous pulmonary disease?

    <p>Pulmonary lymphomatous granulomatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hypovascularity typically present in radiographic findings of pulmonary conditions?

    <p>Blunted pulmonary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical history may suggest lung contusion due to trauma?

    <p>History of blunt thoracic trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory finding is expected in cases of lung contusion?

    <p>Leukocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be observed on thoracic auscultation in cases of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax?

    <p>Muffled heart and lung sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which thoracic radiographic finding is NOT typically associated with pleural effusion?

    <p>Hyperresonant sound on percussion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fluid classification is associated with thoracocentesis during a pleural effusion diagnosis?

    <p>Transudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible indication for performing thoracocentesis in a patient?

    <p>To stabilize a dyspneic animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings is LEAST likely to be confirmed through ultrasonography in thoracic evaluations?

    <p>Inflammation of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which percussion finding would generally NOT indicate a pneumothorax?

    <p>Dull sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common laboratory evaluation result indicating a pleural effusion?

    <p>Increased white blood cell count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the clinical signs of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is incorrect?

    <p>There is typically normal lung function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nasal Infections

    • Bacterial nasal infections in dogs are usually secondary, meaning caused by another underlying condition, such as a weakened immune system or injury to the nasal lining.
    • Aspergillus flavus, a common inhabitant of the nose, can cause infection in dogs with compromised immunity.
    • Common signs of nasal infection include sneezing, nasal discharge, gagging, and reversed sneezing.
    • Diagnosis of nasal infection can involve serology tests, PCR, radiographs, CT scans, rhinoscopy, and histopathology.

    Nasal Parasites

    • Common nasal parasites in dogs include Cuterebra, Eucoleus boehmi (nasal nematode), and Pneumonyssus caninum (nasal mite).
    • Clinical signs of nasal parasites include sneezing, nasal discharge, and reversed sneezing.
    • Diagnosis of Eucoleus boehmi involves mucosal biopsy or fecal examination to identify ova.
    • Treatment for nasal parasites involves manual removal of large parasites or oral ivermectin.
    • Allergic rhinitis is suspected to occur in dogs and cats.

    Nasopharyngeal Polyps

    • Nasopharyngeal polyps are inflammatory masses that arise from the lining of the nasopharynx, commonly found in cats.
    • Early signs of nasopharyngeal polyps include voice change and gagging.
    • Otoscopic examination may reveal discharge and polypoid masses within the external ear canal.
    • Treatment of polyps may include trial therapy with bronchodilators, and prognosis is guarded.

    Bronchopneumonia

    • Bronchopneumonia is a common respiratory infection in dogs, typically caused by bacteria.
    • Bacterial infection is usually via inhalation, although hematogenous spread is possible.
    • Preexisting conditions like immune suppression, foreign bodies, or aspiration of oral or GI content increase risk.
    • Clinical signs of bronchopneumonia include tachypnea, respiratory distress, productive cough, fever, and mucopurulent nasal discharge.
    • Auscultation reveals increased bronchial sounds and crackles.

    Interstitial Lung Disease

    • Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in dogs is of unknown cause and likely multifactorial, with genetics potentially playing a role.
    • Diagnosis involves radiographs, cytology, and culture.
    • Treatment for ILD includes antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity, bronchodilators, and supportive care ( fluids ).

    Pulmonary Infiltrates with Eosinophils

    • Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophils are associated with various conditions, including lungworms, heartworms, larval migration, fungal infections, and hypereosinophilic syndromes.
    • Crenosoma vulpis is a less common lungworm infecting dogs.
    • Oslerus osleri forms granulomas near the tracheal bifurcation.
    • Filaroides milksi and Filaroides hirthi are lung parasites transmitted through direct contact that can infect dogs.
    • Common clinical signs include cough, especially in young, heavily infested animals.

    Other Respiratory Parasites

    • Dirofilaria immitis affects pulmonary arteries, causing secondary pulmonary injury.
    • Toxoplasma gondii can cause pneumonia.

    Pulmonary Neoplasms

    • Primary lung tumors in dogs are most commonly carcinomas, including bronchial, bronchoalveolar, and alveolar subtypes.
    • Metastatic lung tumors are more common than primary tumors.

    Rhinitis and sinusitis

    • Caused by various agents:
      • Dogs: Parainfluenza, distemper, adenovirus-2, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Aspergillus flavum, Penicillium spp., Rhinosporidium seeberi
      • Cats: Herpesvirus, calicivirus, Chlamydia psittaci, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Cryptococcus neoformans
    • Chronic rhinitis can be associated with:
      • Immunosuppression
      • Foreign bodies
      • Tumors

    Nasal Parasites

    • Cuterebra, Eucoleus boehmi (nasal nematode), Pneumonyssus caninum (nasal mite)
    • Clinical signs:
      • Sneezing
      • Nasal discharge
      • Reversed sneezing
    • Diagnosis:
      • Direct visualization
      • Mucosal biopsy
      • Identifying ova on a fecal examination
    • Treatment:
      • Manual removal of large parasites
      • Oral ivermectin

    Laryngeal Collapse

    • Most commonly occurs in brachycephalic syndrome
    • Signs of laryngeal collapse include:
      • Stretor or stridor
      • Dyspnea
      • Exercise intolerance

    Tracheal Stenosis

    • Caused by:
      • Abnormalities in chondrogenesis (congenital, inherited, or related to dietary deficiencies) in dogs
      • Obstructive upper airway masses in cats
    • Stenosis occurs in a dorsoventral orientation, causing:
      • Trauma to the epithelial surface
      • Mucus production
      • Perpetuation of cough
    • Treatment:
      • Removal of the stenotic segment by tracheal resection and anastomosis

    Tracheal Collapse

    • Dogs:
      • Abnormalities in chondrogenesis result in decreased tracheal ring turgidity.
      • Collapse may be found at rest or be dynamic (cervical collapse on inspiration and intrathoracic collapse on expiration).
    • Cats:
      • Obstructive upper airway masses may cause tracheal collapse.
    • Pathophysiology:
      • The trachea usually collapses in a dorsoventral orientation, causing trauma to the epithelial surface, mucus production, and perpetuation of cough.
    • Treatment:
      • Antitussives should be used to suppress cough if no infection is present and most of the inflammation and secretions are resolved.
    • Prognosis:
      • It is a chronic disease.
      • Goals of therapy are to control the degree of inflammation and clinical signs, as well as diagnose and treat secondary infections early.

    Feline Bronchial Disease

    • Cause is not identified in most cases.
    • Associations with Mycoplasma, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, and Dirofilaria immitis have been proposed.
    • Affected cats are thought to have hyper-responsive airways.
    • Clinical signs:
      • No gender or age predilection.
      • Siamese cats may be more sensitive.
      • Coughing, gagging, and lethargy, or an acute episode of respiratory distress and cyanosis.
    • Diagnosis:
      • CBC may reveal eosinophilia.
      • Fecal examination to detect parasitic infection and heartworm testing are indicated in endemic areas.
      • Thoracic radiographs may show an interstitial peribronchial pattern with “doughnuts” and “tram lines,” lung hyperinflation, a patchy alveolar pattern, or lung consolidation.
      • Bronchoscopy can reveal mucus accumulation or plugging and nodular irregularities.
      • Cytologic evaluation of airway fluids may include eosinophilic, neutrophilic, or mixed inflammatory responses.
      • Culture of airway fluids is warranted when there is evidence of infection on cytology.
      • Pulmonary function tests indicate higher airway resistance.
    • Treatment:
      • Control of predisposing factors (e.g., parasites, allergies) and secondary bacterial infections is essential.
      • Anti-inflammatories and bronchodilators.

    Chronic Bronchopulmonary Disease

    • Small-breed dogs, especially West Highland white terriers are at an increased risk.
    • A variety of insults can initiate a chronic progressive inflammatory process, which may lead to diffusion impairment, lung fibrosis, and eventually end-stage restrictive lung disease.
    • Clinical signs include:
      • Shortness of breath
      • Exercise intolerance
      • Syncope
    • Physical examination:
      • Tachypnea and sometimes cyanosis.
      • Diffuse inspiratory crackles.
      • Split-second heart sound may be evident when pulmonary hypertension develops.
    • Diagnosis:
      • Thoracic radiographs usually show a diffuse interstitial pattern but may be normal.
      • BAL cytology shows an increased percentage of neutrophils but no mucus. Cultures are negative.
      • Pathology of lung tissue shows interstitial fibrosis in cats and increased collagen in West Highland white terriers, with no inflammation.
    • Treatment:
      • Decrease exposure to triggers and control weight.
      • Prednisone at anti-inflammatory to immunosuppressive doses may result in improvement.

    Laryngeal Paralysis

    • May be associated with abnormal electromyography studies
    • Histopathology is helpful for diagnosing masses or polyneuropathy

    Tracheal Diseases

    • Chronic, nonproductive, “honking” cough is a typical sign
    • Inspiratory dyspnea may be present with cervical tracheal collapse and expiratory dyspnea with intrathoracic collapse
    • Tracheal palpation may produce cough and detect sharp tracheal edges

    Bronchitis

    • Weight reduction for overweight dogs, environmental control (e.g., smoke, dust, heat), and airway humidification (steam inhalation or nebulization) are general treatments
    • Prednisone is usually given at 0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg every 12 hours for 5 to 7 days
    • Infection should be ruled out before prednisone is administered
    • Bronchodilators may be helpful in reducing clinical signs
    • Bronchodilators (e.g., terbutaline, albuterol) are more effective compared with theophylline
    • Enrofloxacin inhibits theophylline metabolism, so the dose of theophylline should be reduced if administered with enrofloxacin

    Feline Bronchial Disease

    • A trial therapy with bronchodilators may be considered
    • Anti-inflammatory drugs are the mainstay of therapy
    • Environmental triggers (e.g., smoke, dust) may be beneficial

    Bronchopneumonia of Infectious Origin

    • Most cases of pulmonary infections are bacterial
    • Infection is typically by inhalation and less commonly by hematogenous spread
    • Predisposition for bacterial pneumonia is present in many cases, including ITB, chronic bronchitis, aspiration of oral or GI content from vomiting or laryngeal paralysis, immunosuppression, and foreign body

    Bronchiectasis

    • Irreversible dilation of the airways accompanied by suppuration
    • Possible causes include chronic inflammation (e.g., bronchitis, foreign body), smoke inhalation, and primary ciliary dyskinesia
    • Dilated airways lack normal mucociliary clearance and trap secretions distally

    Pleural Effusion

    • Increased number of neutrophils and sometimes intracellular bacteria on cytology evaluation
    • General therapy includes nebulization, chest coupage, and postural drainage
    • Long-term antibiotic treatment based on culture and sensitivity results is often required
    • Lung lobectomy should be considered in cases of focal bronchiectasis

    Hemothorax

    • May be caused by thoracic trauma, ruptured thoracic neoplasia, disorders of hemostasis, or lung lobe torsion
    • Clinical signs include shock due to blood loss and dyspnea due to pleural effusion
    • Thoracentesis yields nonclotting blood

    Intrathoracic Neoplasia

    • Neoplastic pleural effusion is caused by hemolymphatic obstruction
    • Common causes include mediastinal lymphoma and thymoma, primary and metastatic pulmonary neoplasia, and mesothelioma
    • The fluid may be classified as modified transudate, nonseptic exudates, or chyle
    • Treatment involves drainage of the pleural effusion and treating the underlying neoplasia

    Nasal Polyps

    • Polyps are benign, pedunculated growths in the nasal passages
    • Common in dogs, rare in cats.
    • Mostly affects middle-aged to older dogs.
    • Dachshunds and brachycephalic breeds are predisposed.
    • Signs include sneezing, nasal discharge, unilateral or bilateral epistaxis, stertor, and dyspnea.
    • Diagnosis can be made with a physical examination, but additional tests may be needed.
    • Treatment involves surgical removal.

    Nasal Foreign Bodies

    • Common in young dogs.
    • Grass awns are a common cause.
    • Signs include sneezing and nasal discharge.
    • Plant material is not commonly visualized on radiographs.
    • Rhinoscopy allows visualization and removal of the foreign body.

    Infectious Tracheobronchitis - ITB (Kennel Cough)

    • Highly contagious
    • Caused by bacterial and viral infections
    • Common in dogs
    • Signs include coughing, sneezing, lethargy, and fever.
    • Treatment is supportive and often includes antibiotics.
    • Vaccination is available for some causative agents.

    Canine Chronic Bronchitis

    • Occurs in middle-aged to older dogs.
    • Cause is unknown.
    • Signs include chronic coughing, dyspnea, and weight loss.
    • Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and includes bronchodilators, antitussives, and weight management.

    Lungworm Infections

    • Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infects cats.
    • Paragonimus kellicotti infects dogs and cats.
    • Capillaria aerophilia infects dogs and cats.
    • Infections occur through ingestion of infected snails, crustaceans, or other hosts.
    • Signs include coughing, dyspnea, and weight loss.
    • Diagnosis requires analyzing fecal samples.
    • Treatment includes deworming medications.

    Pyothorax

    • Purulent exudate in the pleural space caused by bacterial infection.
    • Can occur due to penetrating chest wounds, perforations of mediastinal structures, foreign bodies, or spread from pneumonia.
    • Signs include fever, depression, anorexia, and dyspnea.
    • Treatment requires draining the effusion, administering antibiotics, and addressing the underlying cause.

    Thoracic Auscultation

    • Crackles indicate small airway or parenchymal disease
    • Rhonchi indicate airway disease or exudate
    • Wheezes indicate airway obstruction

    Thoracic Percussion

    • Dull resonance may indicate fluid or mass lesions within the pleural space or lung
    • Increased resonance may indicate air

    Thoracic Imaging

    • Thoracic ultrasound may be helpful for detection of small amounts of fluid, consolidated areas of lung and mediastinal masses
    • CT may detect smaller pulmonary and pleural lesions
    • Determine the type of pattern present (interstitial, alveolar, bronchial, or vascular) and distribution of the lesions (localized or diffuse; cranial or caudal; and ventral, dorsal, or hilar)

    Oropharyngeal Examination

    • May reveal soft palate overlapping the epiglottis
    • Everted laryngeal saccules may be seen as oval mucosal masses lateral to vocal folds

    Nasal Cavity and Sinuses

    • Primary ciliary dyskinesia results in rhinitis, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and bronchopneumonia
    • Kartagener syndrome is primary ciliary dyskinesia associated with situs inversus

    Laryngeal collapse

    • Most commonly results from brachycephalic syndrome
    • Signs include stertor or stridor, dyspnea, and occasionally exercise intolerance
    • Oropharyngeal examination reveals apposition or overlap of the arytenoids cartilages

    Tracheal Stenosis

    • Localized narrowing of the trachea
    • Causes include congenital malformations or post-traumatic strictures
    • Tracheoscopy may be used to assess location and severity of stenosis
    • Treatment is removal of stenotic segment by tracheal resection and anastomosis

    Tracheal Collapse

    • In dogs, abnormalities in chondrogenesis may result in decreased turgidity of tracheal ring
    • In cats, obstructive upper airway masses may cause tracheal collapse
    • Trachea usually collapses in a dorsoventral orientation
    • Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as prednisone, may be indicated in dogs with chronic bronchitis.

    Bronchitis

    • A common cause of cough in dogs
    • Characterized by inflammation and irritation of the airways
    • Diagnosis based on history, clinical findings, thoracic radiographs and airway sampling
    • Bronchoscopy may show hyperemia and roughened appearance to the mucosa

    Pneumonia

    • Inflammation of one or more lobes of the lung that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites
    • Clinical signs include fever, cough, dyspnea, and decreased appetite
    • Diagnosis based on CBC, thoracic radiography, and CT
    • Bronchoscopy can be helpful for diagnosis

    Pleural Effusion

    • Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
    • Diagnosed by thoracic auscultation and percussion
    • Typically, a modified transudate or nonseptic exudate
    • Treatment involves managing the underlying cause and drainage of the pleural effusion

    Hemothorax

    • Accumulation of blood within the pleural space
    • Can be caused by thoracic trauma, ruptured thoracic neoplasia, disorders of hemostasis, or lung lobe torsion
    • Diagnosis based on thoracic auscultation and percussion
    • Treatment involves drainage of the blood and treating the underlying cause

    Intrathoracic Neoplasia

    • Neoplastic pleural effusion is caused by hemolymphatic obstruction
    • Common causes include mediastinal lymphoma and thymoma, primary and metastatic pulmonary neoplasia, and mesothelioma
    • Treatment involves drainage of the pleural effusion and treating the underlying neoplasia

    Nasal & Sinus Disease in Small Animals

    • Causes of Rhinitis & Sinusitis in Dogs:
      • Parainfluenza, distemper, adenovirus- 2, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Aspergillus flavum, Penicillium spp., Rhinosporidium seeberi
    • Causes of Rhinitis & Sinusitis in Cats:
      • Herpesvirus, calicivirus, Chlamydia psittaci, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Cryptococcus neoformans
    • Chronic Rhinitis:
      • Often associated with immunosuppression, foreign body, or tumor
    • Acute Viral Rhinitis:
      • Usually self-limiting unless immunosuppression is present
    • Primary Bacterial Rhinitis:
      • Occurs with Bordetella bronchiseptica infection
    • Clinical Signs of Nasal Tumors:
      • Sneezing, nasal discharge, epistaxis. Facial deformity, seizures, blindness, and behavioral changes
    • Malignant Nasal Tumors:
      • Locally invasive, with metastasis occurring late in the course of the disease
    • Predisposition to Nasal Tumors:
      • Common in older animals, Dolichocephalic and large-breed dogs
    • Diagnosis of Nasal Tumors:
      • Radiography of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
      • CT and MRI
    • Treatment of Nasal Tumors:
      • General treatment includes weight reduction for overweight dogs.
      • Environmental control (smoke, dust, heat) when possible.
      • Airway humidification (steam inhalation or nebulization)
      • Anti-inflammatory drugs – prednisone (0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg every 12 hours for 5 to 7 days)
      • Bronchodilators - agonists (e.g. terbutaline, albuterol) more effective than theophylline
      • Caution about theophylline & enrofloxacin: Enrofloxacin inhibits theophylline metabolism, so doses should be reduced
    • Laryngeal Paralysis:
      • Diagnosis:
        • Oropharyngeal examination under light anesthesia confirms the diagnosis.
        • The arytenoid cartilages are unable to abduct during inspiration
        • Laryngeal edema may be present
      • Treatment: Arytenoid lateralization
    • Tracheobronchitis:
      • Increased number of neutrophils and sometimes intracellular bacteria on cytology
      • Both aerobic and anaerobic cultures should be obtained
      • Electron microscopy on biopsies of tracheal epithelium is used to diagnose ciliary dyskinesia
    • Pulmonary Edema:
      • High-pressure edema: caused by overexpansion of plasma volume or decreased oncotic pressure that leads to fluid accumulation in the lung.
      • Permeability edema: caused by damage to the alveolocapillary membrane that allows protein-rich fluid to flood the alveoli
        • Aspirate pneumonia
        • Smoke inhalation
        • Sepsis
        • Anaphylaxis
    • Bronchiectasis:
      • General therapy with nebulization, chest coupage, and postural drainage may assist in the removal of secretions from the airways.
      • Antibiotic treatment should be based on culture and sensitivity results.
      • Lung lobectomy should be considered in cases of focal bronchiectasis.
    • Feline Bronchial Disease:
      • Cause: Inflammatory process within the airways results in mucosal edema, increased bronchial secretions, and increased resistance to airflow.
    • Pulmonary Thromboembolism:
      • Physical examination
        • Thoracic auscultation reveals muffled heart and lung sounds ventrally
        • On percussion, the thorax sounds dull and hyporesonant.
      • Thoracic radiography confirms pleural effusion. Signs include separation of the lung lobes from the parietal pleura and sternum and obscuring of the cardiac and diaphragmatic shadows.
      • Thoracocentesis:
        • Provides pleural fluids for analysis and therapeutic drainage
        • Classify the fluid as transudate, modified transudate, nonseptic exudate, septic exudate, chylous effusion, or hemorrhage.
      • Ultrasonography of the thorax may confirm the presence of pleural fluids and help in the diagnosis of some of the primary causes (e.g., mediastinal mass, diaphragmatic hernia, and heartworm disease).
    • Pneumothorax:
      • History: Might include history of previous respiratory signs may be present with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax
      • Clinical Signs:
        • Animal presents with acute dyspnea and shallow, rapid respiration
        • Cyanosis may occur.
      • Diagnosis:
        • Auscultation may reveal decreased heart and lung sounds
        • Thoracic radiograph findings may include elevation of the heart off the sternum, collapse of the lung lobes and retraction from the chest wall, and a radiolucent area of free air.
    • Treatment of Pneumothorax:
      • Open chest wounds should be covered immediately.
      • Thoracocentesis to stabilize a dyspneic animal.

    Measuring the Velocity of Mucus Clearance

    • A drop of labeled macroaggregated albumin is used to evaluate the speed at which mucus is cleared from the respiratory tract.
    • This technique helps determine the effectiveness of the mucociliary escalator, the primary mechanism for removing foreign materials from the lungs.

    CBC and Serum Chemistry

    • A complete blood count (CBC) can reveal signs of inflammation, infection, parasitic or allergic disease, chronic hypoxia, or acute hypoxemia.
    • Elevated white blood cell count (leukocytosis) suggests inflammation or infection, while elevated eosinophils indicate parasitic or allergic disease.
    • Increased red blood cell count (polycythemia) may be a sign of chronic hypoxia, and the presence of nucleated red blood cells suggests acute hypoxemia.
    • Serum biochemistry analysis can identify systemic diseases affecting the respiratory system.

    Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

    • A sample is typically drawn from the dorsal pedal artery or femoral artery.
    • ABG analysis evaluates the animal's ability to oxygenate arterial blood.
    • In a healthy animal breathing room air, the partial pressure of oxygen should be 95 mm Hg.
    • Elevated CO2 levels indicate ventilatory failure.

    Bronchoscopy

    • Bronchoscopy allows direct visualization of the lower airway, enabling examination of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
    • This procedure can detect abnormalities like inflammation, tumors, foreign bodies, or airway collapse.

    Airway Wash

    • A warm, sterile saline solution is instilled into the lower respiratory tract and then retrieved.
    • The sample is analyzed for cytology, culture, and sensitivity testing to identify potential pathogens and assess the severity of inflammation.

    Rhinitis and Sinusitis of Infectious Origin

    • Common causes in dogs include parainfluenza, distemper, adenovirus-2, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Aspergillus flavum, Penicillium spp., and Rhinosporidium seeberi.
    • In cats, infectious rhinitis can be caused by herpesvirus, calicivirus, Chlamydia psittaci, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Cryptococcus neoformans.
    • Chronic rhinitis is often linked to other issues like immunosuppression, foreign bodies, or tumors.

    Canine Chronic Bronchitis

    • The exact cause is unknown, but potential factors include immunologic stimulation, chronic mucosal irritation from air pollution, or chronic aspiration of gastrointestinal content.
    • Neutrophilic infiltration of the airway leads to epithelial injury, mucus accumulation, and airway obstruction.
    • Typically affects middle-aged to older dogs, often overweight, of both small and large breeds.
    • Clinical signs include chronic cough, a slow and deep respiratory pattern, and prolonged expiration with an expiratory push in severe cases.
    • Auscultation may reveal expiratory wheezes and coarse crackles.

    Pleural Effusion

    • Accumulation of fluid in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural space).
    • Auscultation may reveal muffled heart and lung sounds ventrally.
    • Percussion of the thorax typically sounds dull and hyporesonant.
    • Thoracic radiography confirms the presence of pleural effusion, showing separation of the lung lobes from the chest wall and obscuring of the cardiac and diaphragmatic shadows.
    • Thoracocentesis provides pleural fluid for analysis and therapeutic drainage, which can be categorized as transudate, modified transudate, nonseptic exudate, septic exudate, chylous effusion, or hemorrhage.
    • Laboratory evaluation of the fluid can help identify the underlying cause.
    • Ultrasonography of the thorax can also confirm the presence of pleural fluid and assist in diagnosing the underlying conditions.

    Granulomatous Pulmonary Diseases

    • Often linked to systemic fungal infections in endemic regions.
    • Includes eosinophilic pulmonary granulomatosis associated with heartworm infection and pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis, possibly a neoplastic condition.
    • Symptoms range from chronic respiratory distress, cough, and systemic signs to wheezes and coarse crackles upon auscultation.
    • Diagnosing granuloma involves CBC, thoracic radiographs, and possibly serologic tests for aspergillosis and PCR for Bartonella.

    Lung Contusion

    • Hemorrhage into the pulmonary parenchyma, usually caused by blunt thoracic trauma.
    • Symptoms include acute dyspnea and potentially shock due to blood loss.
    • Auscultation may reveal crackles over the contused area or decreased lung sounds.
    • Thoracic radiographs typically show irregular patches of mixed interstitial-alveolar densities.

    Nasal Parasites

    • Common parasites include Cuterebra, Eucoleus boehmi (nasal nematode), and Pneumonyssus caninum (nasal mite).
    • Symptoms encompass sneezing, nasal discharge, and reversed sneezing.
    • Diagnosis is usually made through direct visualization.
    • E. boehmi is diagnosed by mucosal biopsy or by identifying ova in a fecal examination.
    • Treatment entails manual removal of large parasites or administration of oral ivermectin.

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    Description

    Explore the causes, symptoms, and diagnosis methods of nasal infections and parasites in dogs. Learn about conditions like Aspergillus flavus, Cuterebra, and Eucoleus boehmi. This quiz covers essential knowledge for pet owners and veterinary students.

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