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Questions and Answers
Which nasal meatus is the main pathway for airflow leading to the pharynx?
Which nasal meatus is the main pathway for airflow leading to the pharynx?
- Middle nasal meatus
- Common nasal meatus
- Dorsal nasal meatus
- Ventral nasal meatus (correct)
Where does the dorsal nasal meatus lead to in the nasal cavity?
Where does the dorsal nasal meatus lead to in the nasal cavity?
- Paranasal sinuses
- Nasal vestibule
- Pharynx
- Olfactory mucosa (correct)
What is the function of paranasal sinuses in the skull?
What is the function of paranasal sinuses in the skull?
- Vision enhancement
- Thermal and mechanical protection (correct)
- Respiration regulation
- Sound conduction
Why is the respiratory mucosa lining of paranasal sinuses considered to have poor healing capacity?
Why is the respiratory mucosa lining of paranasal sinuses considered to have poor healing capacity?
Which nasal cavity division communicates with all other nasal meatuses?
Which nasal cavity division communicates with all other nasal meatuses?
Through which point can the pharynx be accessed by the passage of nasogastric tubes and endoscopes?
Through which point can the pharynx be accessed by the passage of nasogastric tubes and endoscopes?
What is the function of the nasal conchae in dogs?
What is the function of the nasal conchae in dogs?
Which type of vessels is known to form the vascular plexi in the ethmoidal conchae?
Which type of vessels is known to form the vascular plexi in the ethmoidal conchae?
How do the major nasal conchae affect the nasal cavity?
How do the major nasal conchae affect the nasal cavity?
What is the main function of the nasal vestibule?
What is the main function of the nasal vestibule?
Which species-specific aspect is highlighted regarding nasal conchae?
Which species-specific aspect is highlighted regarding nasal conchae?
Which animal is prone to ethmoid hematoma, resulting in intermittent nosebleeds?
Which animal is prone to ethmoid hematoma, resulting in intermittent nosebleeds?
Where is the nasal puncta of the nasolacrimal duct located in the horse?
Where is the nasal puncta of the nasolacrimal duct located in the horse?
Which part of the nasal cavity is covered by delicate, mucosa-covered, bony scrolls?
Which part of the nasal cavity is covered by delicate, mucosa-covered, bony scrolls?
Where does the integument continue within the nasal cavity in the horse and donkey?
Where does the integument continue within the nasal cavity in the horse and donkey?
In which species does the septum meet the whole length of the hard palate?
In which species does the septum meet the whole length of the hard palate?
What divides the nasal cavity into the vestibule, conchae, and ethmoturbinate regions?
What divides the nasal cavity into the vestibule, conchae, and ethmoturbinate regions?
What forms the opening of the nasal cavity and surrounds the nasal vestibule?
What forms the opening of the nasal cavity and surrounds the nasal vestibule?
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Study Notes
Nasal Cavities
- The nasal cavity can be divided into three parts: the vestibule (rostral part), nasal conchae (middle part), and ethmoturbinate (caudal part).
- The nasal cavity is connected to paranasal sinuses and the nasopharynx.
Nasal Vestibule
- The nostril forms the opening of the nasal cavity and surrounds the nasal vestibule.
- In the horse and donkey, the integument continues within the nasal cavity, and forms a sharp demarcation with the nasal mucosa.
- The nasal puncta of the nasolacrimal duct is located:
- In the horse, on the ventral floor of the vestibule, near to this mucosal transition.
Nasal Conchae
- The nasal conchae are cartilaginous or ossified scrolls covered with nasal mucosa that occupied most of the nasal cavity.
- They have a complicated and species-specific arrangement.
- In dogs, the nasal conchae are more complex to increase the surface area, which accounts for the excellent olfactory sense of dogs compared to humans.
- Nasal conchae are classified by topography and not by morphology into:
- Ethmoidal conchae (vascular plexi formed by multiple anastomosing vessels)
- In horses, ethmoid hematoma occurs, resulting in intermittent epistaxis
- Large dorsal and ventral conchae
- Smaller middle conchae
- Ethmoidal conchae (vascular plexi formed by multiple anastomosing vessels)
Nasal Meatuses
- The major conchae divide the nasal cavity into a series of clefts and meatuses which branch out from a common meatus near the nasal septum.
- There are three nasal meatuses in domestic mammals:
- Dorsal nasal meatus (narrow, between dorsal conchae and nasal bone)
- Middle nasal meatus (between dorsal conchae and ventral conchae)
- Ventral nasal meatus (largest, between ventral conchae and hard palate)
- The ventral nasal meatus is the main pathway for airflow leading to the pharynx.
- The common nasal meatus is the longitudinal space on either side of the nasal septum, communicating with all other nasal meatuses.
Paranasal Sinuses
- The paranasal sinuses are diverticula of the nasal cavity that excavate the skull bones to form air-filled cavities.
- They are particularly well-developed in the ox and the horse, and account for the conformation of the head in these species.
- The paranasal sinuses are hypothesized to provide thermal and mechanical protection to the orbit, nasal cavity, and cranial cavities.
- The paranasal sinuses are lined by respiratory mucosa, which is extremely thin and poorly vascularized, resulting in poor healing capacity.
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