History Notes 17.1

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Questions and Answers

What was one of the main goals of the Congress of Vienna regarding European nations?

  • To maintain the balance of power among leading nations (correct)
  • To establish a single European government
  • To promote the spread of nationalism
  • To encourage military alliances between countries

Who was considered the leading figure at the Congress of Vienna?

  • Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
  • Lord Castlereagh
  • Prince Klemens von Metternich (correct)
  • Czar Alexander I

How did the Congress of Vienna treat defeated France?

  • It invited France to join the new European alliance
  • It completely disbanded the French military
  • It sought to encircle France with strong powers (correct)
  • It imposed harsh penalties to prevent future aggression

What was Charles Maurice de Talleyrand's role at the Congress of Vienna?

<p>He was a representative who secured favorable terms for France (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of gatherings were most negotiations at the Congress of Vienna held in?

<p>Small, informal, often secret meetings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the results of compensations given at the Congress of Vienna?

<p>Great Britain retained some colonies seized during wars (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was likely the Congress of Vienna's view on the French Revolution?

<p>It should be reverse to restore pre-Revolution conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the overall significance of the Congress of Vienna for European stability?

<p>It created enduring peace in Europe for decades (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the treaty signed by France, Austria, and Britain?

<p>To prevent Prussia or Russia from gaining more power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event prompted the congress to finalize the peace settlement in 1815?

<p>Napoleon's return from Elba (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries were originally part of the Quadruple Alliance established at the Vienna Congress?

<p>Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Great Britain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the revolt of the Greek people against the Ottoman Empire in 1821?

<p>Greek independence was recognized in the Treaty of Adrianople (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the political situation in Latin America following independence?

<p>Continuous military coups and the rise of caudillos (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major factor contributing to the lack of industrial development in Latin America during the nineteenth century?

<p>Widespread agricultural dependency on few products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the criollos in the context of Latin American society?

<p>Spaniards born in the New World (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the Monroe Doctrine on European involvement in Latin America?

<p>It weakened the resolve of European powers in Latin America (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the leaders of the Congress of Vienna generally respond to uprisings in Spain and Italy in the early 1820s?

<p>They reinstated monarchs and suppressed the revolts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the title 'the Liberator' given to Simón Bolívar?

<p>He was instrumental in freeing several South American countries from Spanish rule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach did Dom Pedro take in Brazil regarding its independence from Portugal?

<p>He declared independence and became emperor without bloodshed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the British navy concerning the Monroe Doctrine?

<p>It helped block European attempts to intervene in Latin America (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common characteristic was observed in the military leaders who came to power in Latin American nations after independence?

<p>They often led to the establishment of dictatorships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to the weak political integration of Latin American countries after they gained independence?

<p>Divisions based on race and social class (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Post-Napoleonic Europe

A period of political instability in Europe following Napoleon's conquests, marked by the rise of nationalism and liberalism.

Congress of Vienna

A gathering of European powers in Vienna in 1814-1815, aimed at restoring order and stability to Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.

Restoration of Legitimate Rulers

The principle of restoring legitimate rulers to power, often those overthrown by Napoleon.

Encirclement of France

The act of surrounding France with strong powers to prevent future aggression.

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Grants of Compensation

The practice of giving territory to nations that helped defeat Napoleon or lost land in the encirclement of France.

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Balance of Power

The goal of the Congress of Vienna to ensure no single nation became too powerful and threatened European security.

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Nationalism

A belief in the shared culture and identity of a nation, often leading to a desire for independence or unification.

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Liberalism

A belief in individual rights and freedoms, advocating for representative government and limited power.

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Concert of Europe

An international agreement reached at the Congress of Vienna to maintain peace in Europe by restoring a balance of power and suppressing revolutionary movements.

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Quadruple Alliance

A system established at the Congress of Vienna involving the major European powers, aimed at preventing the rise of aggressive nations and maintaining a balance of power.

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Legitimacy

The principle of restoring legitimate monarchs to their thrones after the Napoleonic Wars, aiming to stabilize Europe and minimize the influence of revolutionary ideas.

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Socialism

A political ideology promoting social equality, economic justice, and a more egalitarian distribution of wealth and resources, often associated with working-class movements and labor unions.

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Communism

A political ideology advocating for the abolition of private property and the establishment of a classless society, often associated with revolutionary movements and social upheaval.

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Monroe Doctrine

A declaration by U.S. president James Monroe in 1823, warning European powers against attempts to establish new colonies or interfere in the affairs of independent nations in the Western Hemisphere.

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Peninsulares

A Spanish-born official who resided in a Spanish colony, often holding positions of power and authority during the colonial period.

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Criollos

A person of Spanish descent born in the Americas, often faced with social and political restrictions under Spanish colonial rule.

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Caudillo

A military leader who gains power through force, often achieving dominance during periods of political instability or revolution, particularly in Latin America.

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Mexican Revolution

A period of significant social and political upheaval in Mexico, challenging the authoritarian regime of Porfirio Diaz and culminating in a revolution.

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European Intervention in Latin America

The process by which European powers exerted influence and control over Latin American countries, often through economic and political means, particularly during the 19th century.

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Economic Weakness of Latin America

The economic dependence of Latin American countries on the export of a limited number of products, making them vulnerable to fluctuations in global markets and economic instability.

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Study Notes

Napoleon's Conquests and the Grand Alliance

  • Napoleon's conquests disrupted national boundaries and ruling families.
  • His campaigns sparked nationalism and liberalism across Europe.
  • The victorious Grand Alliance (Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia) sought to restore order and stability.

The Congress of Vienna

  • The Congress of Vienna was a social affair with lavish parties and negotiations.
  • Key figures included Lord Castlereagh (Britain), Czar Alexander I (Russia), and Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria).
  • Metternich aimed to reverse the French Revolution's effects and restore pre-revolution conditions.
  • Talleyrand (France) skillfully navigated disagreements for a favorable settlement.

Redrawing the Map of Europe

  • Diplomats aimed for political stability, balance of power, and countered revolutionary ideas.
  • France was encircled by strong powers.
  • Legitimate rulers were restored where possible.
  • Winners of Napoleonic Wars received territories as compensation.

Final Settlement at Vienna

  • The Congress faced a disruption with Napoleon's return from Elba.
  • Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo finalized the settlement.
  • The map was redrawn, often ignoring national interests.
  • Nationalism and liberalism arose, fostering revolts.

Establishing the Alliance System

  • The Quadruple Alliance (Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Britain) aimed to maintain peace.
  • France joined as part of the Quintuple Alliance.
  • International cooperation became the Concert of Europe.

Suppressed Revolts in Spain and Italy

  • Ferdinand VII was restored to the Spanish throne.
  • Spanish people demanded a constitution, leading to similar revolts in the Two Sicilies.
  • The uprisings alarmed European rulers.

Weaknesses of the Congress System

  • Spanish colonial issues divided the Quintuple Alliance.
  • The Congress had issues dealing with Latin American independence.
  • British naval action and the Monroe Doctrine prevented European intervention in Latin America.

Success of the Greek Revolt

  • The Greek revolt against the Ottoman Empire prompted intervention from Britain, Russia, and France.
  • The Greek victory was followed by Greek independence.

Struggle for Independence in Latin America

  • Latin American independence movements differed from North America's experience.
  • Peninsulares (Spaniards) controlled colonial officials.
  • Criollos (Spaniards born in the New World) resented their control.
  • Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín led the fight for independence.
  • Brazil gained independence with Dom Pedro's declaration.
  • Post-independence instability in Latin America led to frequent power shifts

Political Instability in Latin America

  • Frequent changes in Latin American government were common.
  • Wealthy, powerful upper classes dominated.
  • Roman Catholicism was firmly established.
  • Mixed ancestry was present, unlike a single unified nation like the US.

Economic Weakness in Latin America

  • Latin America's 19th-century economy lacked industry.
  • Economies were based on cash crops.

European and U.S. Involvement in Latin America

  • European interference in Latin American affairs was driven by domestic issues.
  • The US took a greater role in policing Latin American affairs.

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