Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery Systems
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Questions and Answers

What defines the size range of structures studied in nanotechnology?

  • 1–10 nm
  • 50–200 nm
  • 10–50 nm
  • 1–100 nm (correct)

    • Which disease is NOT mentioned as a target for treatment using nanoparticles?

  • Melanoma
  • Diabetes (correct)
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Liver diseases

    • What significant event occurred in 2015 regarding nanomedicine?

  • Introduction of PEG conjugated protein
  • FDA approved clinical trials for cancer treatment (correct)
  • Discovery of liposomes
  • First controlled-release polymer device approved

    • What characteristic property of nanocarriers enhances drug effectiveness?

    <p>Improving targeting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is attributed to the discovery of liposomes?

    <p>Bangham</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

    <p>To selectively regulate transfers between blood and brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was the first approved controlled formulation by the FDA?

    <p>Liposome-based drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do nanocarriers play in treating Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Delivering drugs across the blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the blood-brain barrier play in relation to large molecules?

    <p>It restricts the passage of nearly all large macromolecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of nanoparticles enhances their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Size, shape, and chemical composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) in the brain?

    <p>To facilitate the uptake of glucose in brain endothelial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes malignant brain tumors' prognosis?

    <p>Glioblastoma has one of the lowest survival rates among brain tumors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do smaller nanoparticles (NPs) provide for drug delivery?

    <p>They have a higher likelihood of crossing the blood-brain barrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is used to enhance drug delivery through the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Employing nanoparticles and conjugating them with specific ligands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules does the blood-brain barrier primarily allow to diffuse freely?

    <p>Hydrophobic molecules and small non-polar molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the blood-brain barrier's impermeability on therapeutic regimens for brain tumors?

    <p>It severely limits the effectiveness of most small-molecule drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using transferrin-conjugated NPs in drug delivery to the brain?

    <p>They enhance transcytosis via receptor-mediated endocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do glucose-coated gold NPs compare to non-brain endothelial cell lines?

    <p>They are transferred three times faster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the RGD peptide play in drug delivery strategies for brain disorders?

    <p>It targets αvβ3-integrin receptors on tumor tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the consequences of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in pathological conditions?

    <p>Increased entry of harmful substances and pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the increased amount of transferrin have on gold NPs in drug delivery?

    <p>It enables stronger attachment to brain endothelial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are insulin-coated gold NPs (INS-GNPs) significant in drug delivery systems?

    <p>They help transport drugs across the blood-brain barrier effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major cause for the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Remodeling of the protein complex in intra-endothelial junctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do PEGylated albumin NPs improve drug delivery to the brain?

    <p>By enhancing uptake and localization in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary limitation does the blood-brain barrier (BBB) impose on drug treatment for brain diseases?

    <p>Reduced bioavailability of drugs in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drug delivery system is optimized for circumventing the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Cell membrane DDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What class of nanoparticles is specifically noted for ranging from 10 to 1000 nm in size?

    <p>Polymeric nanoparticles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the pioneers in demonstrating controlled release of macromolecules using polymers?

    <p>Langer and Folkman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do polymer-based nanoparticles offer compared to liposomes and micelles?

    <p>Improved tissue distribution and protection from degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of nanoparticle mentioned?

    <p>Micellar nanoparticles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies for drug delivery enhances permeability through the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Viral vectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following polymers was NOT initially used to develop polymeric nanoparticles?

    <p>Polyethylene glycol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary advantages of polymer nanoparticles as drug carriers?

    <p>Low toxicity, good biocompatibility, and biodegradation at specific sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following polymers is classified as a synthetic biodegradable polymer?

    <p>Poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nanoparticle system confines the drug to a cavity surrounded by a polymer membrane?

    <p>Nanocapsules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles allows them to target specific organs?

    <p>Their ability to circulate for a prolonged period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a non-synthetic biodegradable polymer?

    <p>Poly-Ɛ-caprolactone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do functional groups on the surface of nanoparticles play in drug delivery?

    <p>They increase the chemical diversity and modification potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biodegradable polymer has received approval by the US FDA and EMA for pharmaceutical applications?

    <p>Poly(D,L-glycolide) (PLG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are polymer nanoparticles primarily used for in the context provided?

    <p>Drug delivery systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery

    • Nanotechnology studies extremely small structures measuring 1-100 nm.
    • Nanoparticles have unique properties due to their size, making them useful in various fields including drug delivery, nanomedicine, environmental analysis, and catalysis.
    • Nanoparticles have the potential to selectively target and kill cancerous cells for cancer treatment.

    History of Drug Delivery Systems

    • Early research on nanotechnology dates back to the mid-19th century.
    • Polymers and drugs were first conjugated in 1955.
    • Significant milestones in drug delivery systems include the invention of controlled-release polymers in 1964, liposomes in 1965, albumin-based nanoparticles in 1972, liposome-based drugs in 1973, the first micelle formulation in 1983, the first FDA-approved controlled formulation in 1989, and the first polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated protein in 1990.

    The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

    • The BBB is a protective layer that regulates the passage of substances between the bloodstream and the central nervous system.
    • It prevents harmful substances from entering the brain while allowing essential nutrients and oxygen to pass through.
    • The BBB is a major obstacle for drug delivery to the brain, limiting treatment options for neurological diseases.

    Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery

    • Nanoparticles are promising for overcoming the BBB due to their size, shape, chemical composition, surface charge, and ability to be conjugated with various molecules like glucose, transferrin, insulin, and peptides.

    Properties of Nanoparticles for Brain Delivery

    • Size and Charge: Nanoparticles are small (1-1000 nm), which facilitates BBB penetration. Smaller sizes are more permeable across the BBB.
    • Ligands and Functional Groups: NPs can be conjugated with specific ligands like peptides, proteins, antibodies, and surfactants to enhance BBB penetration through targeted receptor binding.

    Specific Ligands for BBB Targeting

    • Glucose: Glucose-coated NPs leverage the glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) on brain endothelial cells to facilitate entry.
    • Transferrin: Transferrin-conjugated NPs target the transferrin receptor (TfR) on BBB endothelial cells, promoting transcytosis.
    • Insulin: Insulin-coated NPs enhance brain localization by utilizing insulin receptors on BBB cells.
    • Peptides: Peptides like RGD (binding to αvβ3-integrin) can specifically target receptors on tumor tissues in the brain.

    Recent Advancements in BBB Penetration

    • The BBB can be disrupted in various neurological conditions like strokes, seizures, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's, leading to increased permeability.
    • Various strategies are being explored to overcome the BBB for brain drug delivery, including viral vectors, nanoparticles, exosomes, brain permeability enhancers, active transporters, altered administration routes, and imaging techniques.

    Types of Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery

    • Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)
    • Liposomes
    • Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)
    • Fullerenes
    • Nanoshells
    • Quantum dots (QD)
    • Super paramagnetic nanoparticles

    Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNs)

    • PNs are solid particles composed of macromolecular polymers, ranging in size from 10 to 1000 nm.
    • They offer advantages like protecting encapsulated drugs from degradation, altering drug distribution, and improving drug delivery efficiency.

    Types of Polymers Used in PNs

    • Non-biodegradable polymers: PMMA, polyacrylamide, polystyrene, polyacrylates. These have rapid clearance but can cause toxicity.
    • Biodegradable polymers: PLA, PLG, PLGA, polyalkylcyanoacrylates, poly-Ɛ-caprolactone. These are considered safe and are approved by the FDA and EMA for pharmaceutical applications.
    • Non-synthetic biodegradable polymers: chitosan, alginate, gelatin, zein, albumin.

    Drug Delivery Using Nanoparticles

    • Drugs can be dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated, or attached to a nanoparticle matrix.
    • Nanoparticles can be classified into nanospheres and nanocapsules based on drug encapsulation methods.
    • Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles, particularly those coated with PEG, are used as drug delivery systems due to their long circulation time, targeted organ delivery, and capability to carry DNA, proteins, peptides, and genes.
    • Nanoparticles possess a large surface area, allowing for further modifications and functionalization.

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    Drug Delivery System PDF

    Description

    Explore the innovative role of nanotechnology in drug delivery, focusing on nanoparticles and their unique properties. Delve into the historical development of drug delivery systems and the significance of the blood-brain barrier. This quiz provides insights into how nanomedicine is revolutionizing treatment methods.

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