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Questions and Answers
Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) is a natural polymer used in the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles.
Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) is a natural polymer used in the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles.
False
The burst effect in drug release from nanoparticles is mainly due to strongly bound drugs.
The burst effect in drug release from nanoparticles is mainly due to strongly bound drugs.
False
Colloid stabilizers commonly used in the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles include Pluronic® and Polysorbate 20.
Colloid stabilizers commonly used in the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles include Pluronic® and Polysorbate 20.
True
Poly(lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol) is a copolymer used as a stabilizer in polymeric nanoparticles.
Poly(lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol) is a copolymer used as a stabilizer in polymeric nanoparticles.
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Agglomerates in nanomaterials refer to individual particles that are bound together.
Agglomerates in nanomaterials refer to individual particles that are bound together.
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The critical micelle concentration (CMC) is the concentration at which nanoparticles are formed.
The critical micelle concentration (CMC) is the concentration at which nanoparticles are formed.
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Preformed polymers are used in the in situ synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles.
Preformed polymers are used in the in situ synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles.
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Poly(acrylate) and poly(methacrylate) are examples of bioinert polymers used in nanomedicine.
Poly(acrylate) and poly(methacrylate) are examples of bioinert polymers used in nanomedicine.
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Tween® 20 and Tween® 80 are colloid stabilizers used in the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles.
Tween® 20 and Tween® 80 are colloid stabilizers used in the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles.
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Hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic properties are important considerations in the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles.
Hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic properties are important considerations in the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles.
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Study Notes
Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials
- Nanotechnology is defined as research and technology development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular scale, leading to the controlled creation and use of structures, devices, and systems with a length scale of approximately 1-100 nanometers.
- A nanomaterial is a natural, incidental, or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an agglomerate or aggregate, with one or more external dimensions in the size range of 1-100 nm.
Applications of Nanoformulation
- Nanoformulation can solve solubility issues, such as in Rapamune (sirolimus particles in nanocrystal colloidal dispersion) for organ rejection in renal transplant.
- It can improve stability and bioavailability, as in Sinerem (super-paramagnetic iron oxide coated nanoparticles) for the in-vivo characterization of lymph nodes.
- It can increase uptake by RES (reticuloendothelial system) using nanocapsules.
Polymeric Nanoparticles
- Polymeric nanoparticles have a nanoscale size, allowing for extravasation through the endothelium in inflammatory sites, epithelium, tumors, or penetration of microcapillaries.
- They have a large surface area relative to size, making them more reactive and increasing their interaction with the host environment.
- They can have a variety of shapes, including spheres, discs, hemispheres, cylinders, cones, tubes, and wires.
- Drug release from polymeric nanoparticles involves a rapid, initial release, or ‘burst effect’, mainly attributed to weakly bound or adsorbed drug to nanoparticles.
Cell Uptake Mechanisms of Nanoparticles
- Physicochemical methods, such as polymers synthesized in situ, synthetic and natural, and preformed polymers, can be used to prepare polymeric nanoparticles.
- Cell uptake mechanisms of nanoparticles involve a variety of methods, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-mediated endocytosis, and macropinocytosis.
Properties of Polymers
- Polymers can be hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or amphiphilic.
- They can be biocompatible for parenteral administration and biodegradable.
- Examples of synthetic polymers include poly(lactide), poly(lactide-co-glycolide), poly(epsilon-caprolactone), poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate), and poly(acrylate).
- Examples of natural polymers include chitosan, alginate, gelatin, and albumin.
Main Polymers and Stabilizers Used for Polymeric NPS
- Polymeric nanoparticles can be prepared using a variety of polymers and stabilizers, including PLA, PLGA, PCL, PICBA, PIHCA, PBCA, and Eudragit.
- Copolymers, such as PLA-PEG, PLGA-PEG, PCL-PEG, and Poly(HDCA-PEGCA), can also be used.
- Colloid stabilizers, such as Dextran, Poloxamer, Poly(vinyl alcohol), Polysorbate 20, and 80, can be used to prepare polymeric nanoparticles.
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Description
Test your knowledge on nanoformulation, its challenges, and opportunities discussed by Dr. Nicolas ANTON from the University of Strasbourg. Learn about nanotechnology, including its definition and research areas focusing on atomic, molecular, or macromolecular scales.
