NAFLD and Cirrhosis Pathophysiology

What is the main characteristic feature of HCC morphology compared to the surrounding liver?

It is more pale than the surrounding liver

Which type of HCC morphology is associated with multiple large masses spread throughout the liver?

Diffuse

What is the characteristic architectural feature of well-differentiated HCC?

Resembles normal hepatocytes with trabecular or pseudoglandular architecture

What is the main cause of intrahepatic metastasis in HCC?

Vascular invasion Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of HCC does extrahepatic metastasis usually occur?

Advanced stage Signup and view all the answers

Which blood test is used as a tumor marker for diagnosing HCC?

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Signup and view all the answers

What is considered an elevated level of Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) suggestive of HCC?

>400 ng/ml Signup and view all the answers

Which form of liver cancer is the most common?

Hepatocellular carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

In which individuals is hepatocellular carcinoma most commonly seen?

Men over 60 years old Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major etiologic factor for hepatocellular carcinoma?

Bacterial infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism by which HBV can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma?

Integration of HBV DNA into the host genome Signup and view all the answers

Which toxin is known to react with DNA to form mutagenic adducts that can lead to dysplasia and hepatocellular carcinoma?

Aflatoxin B1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common treatment approach for hepatocellular carcinoma in its early stages?

Surgery to remove tumor or liver transplant Signup and view all the answers

How does chronic alcoholism/cirrhosis contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma?

Causes excessive fatty acid synthesis and NADH accumulation Signup and view all the answers

Apart from HBV, which other virus is known to work exclusively with advanced cirrhosis in hepatocellular carcinoma?

Hepatitis C Virus Signup and view all the answers

What is required to diagnose NAFLD based on the provided text?

Presence of 3 out of 5 metabolic syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a histologic feature of cirrhosis as mentioned in the text?

Formation of normal liver tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of HSC in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis mentioned in the text?

Activate HSC to create fibrotic tissues via collagen Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of changes that abnormal nodules in cirrhosis go through according to the text?

Hyperplastic, dysplastic, necrotic Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of beta-catenin in the pathogenesis of HCC as mentioned in the text?

Regulates liver cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What consequence does continuous cell division have on DNA repair mechanisms according to the text?

Damages DNA repair mechanisms leading to mutations accumulation Signup and view all the answers

What role does IL-6 play in the context provided in the text?

Contributes to inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a classification of HCC cells discussed in the text?

(Best one) Differentiated Signup and view all the answers

Which oral manifestation is NOT typically associated with liver dysfunction?

Leukoplakia Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic oral sign of advanced liver disease?

Crusted perioral rash Signup and view all the answers

What is the common link between HCV and Oral Lichen Planus (OLP)?

There is a strong association between HCV infection and OLP Signup and view all the answers

How does primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) affect the salivary glands?

It causes dry mouth due to hyposecretion Signup and view all the answers

What oral condition is NOT commonly found in patients with liver disease?

Dentigerous cyst Signup and view all the answers

How does portal hypertension affect nutrient absorption in liver disease?

It shunts blood away from the liver, impairing nutrient delivery Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason for impaired salivary flow in chronic liver disease patients?

Systemic diseases and certain medications Signup and view all the answers

'Dry gland syndrome' associated with primary biliary cirrhosis primarily affects which glands?

Salivary and lacrimal glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a liver biopsy in the context of liver cancer diagnosis?

To test tissue for cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is suitable for small liver tumors that cannot be removed with surgery or ablation?

Radiation therapy Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle changes are recommended for individuals with liver cancer?

Maintain a healthy weight Signup and view all the answers

In the context of liver cancer treatment, what does ablation therapy involve?

Burning tumors using extreme temperatures Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of immunotherapy in treating liver cancer?

To help immune system identify and fight cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging scan is commonly used to visualize tumors in the liver?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of embolization in liver cancer treatment?

To implant a substance that stops blood flow toward the tumor Signup and view all the answers